乳清蛋白





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健康食品店（英语：health food store）中的乳清蛋白货柜


乳清蛋白（英文：Whey Protein）是由乳清（生产干酪所产生的液体副产品）當中提煉出來的一種球状蛋白质混合物。


乳清蛋白常作为膳食補充劑出售和使用。




目录






  • 1 生产


  • 2 成分


  • 3 主要形式


  • 4 類似應用


  • 5 副作用


  • 6 参考资料





生产


主条目：乳清

生产干酪时，牛奶凝结后所剩的液体叫做乳清，牛奶凝结过程中pH值降到4.6以后所有可溶物都留在乳清中[1]。溶液含有5%的乳糖，还有一些矿物质和乳清白蛋白（英语：lactalbumin）[2]。溶液中的脂肪分离后可加工成为食品[2]。分离方法可以是简单的干燥，也可以是去除油脂等其他物质来增加蛋白质浓度[3]。例如，在膜过滤（英语：membrane filtration）后使用喷雾干燥（英语：spray drying）可分离乳清中的蛋白质[4]。


加热可使乳清变性。加强热（如巴氏消毒法中持续加热超过72度）可使乳清蛋白变性。凝乳酶作用和牛奶酸化并不会使天然乳清蛋白变性。乳清蛋白变性后会和别的蛋白质发生疏水作用，形成蛋白质凝胶。[3] 受热变性的乳清蛋白仍然会使有些人过敏。[5]



成分


乳清蛋白是从乳清中分离的球状蛋白质的总称。牛奶中的蛋白质中20％是乳清蛋白，另外80％是酪蛋白[6]；人乳中的蛋白质中60％是乳清蛋白，40％是酪蛋白[7]。乳清中的蛋白质占固体总量的10%。乳清蛋白的主要成分为β-乳球蛋白（英语：beta-lactoglobulin）（约65%）、α-乳白蛋白（英语：alpha-lactalbumin）（约25%）、牛血清白蛋白（约8%，另见血清白蛋白）、还有免疫球蛋白[8]。


乳清蛋白中的半胱氨酸是人体合成常见的细胞抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽的原料。实验表明乳清蛋白及其组分可能降低动物患癌风险，这是未来医学研究的一个方向[9]
。



主要形式


乳清蛋白通常有四种主要形式：浓缩物（WPC），隔离物（WPI），水解物（WPH）和天然乳清。



類似應用



  • 有日本廠商應用在美容代餐使用，當作沖泡式飲料使用。

  • 有大型農業合作社出口相關基粉給中下游廠商，製成奶類飲品或嬰兒奶粉。



副作用


過量飲用蛋白粉，消化系统未能及時處理，可能導致飲用者腹瀉和放屁；大量攝取蛋白質，會對不健康的腎臟造成嚴重負擔（許多人不知道自己腎功能不佳）。有乳製品敏感的人應避免飲用。



参考资料





  1. ^ Spurlock, D. Isolation and Identification of Casein From Milk Course Notes. [27 June 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014年6月16日）. 


  2. ^ 2.02.1 "Whey." The Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. 1994


  3. ^ 3.03.1 Foegeding, EA; Davis, JP; Doucet, D; McGuffey, MK. Advances in modifying and understanding whey protein functionality. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2002, 13 (5): 151–9. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00111-5. 


  4. ^ Tunick MH. Whey Protein Production and Utilization.. (编) Onwulata CI, Huth PJ. Whey processing, functionality and health benefits (abstract). Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing; IFT Press. 2008: 1–13. 


  5. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Lee的参考文献提供内容


  6. ^ Jay R. Hoffman and Michael J. Falvo. Protein - Which is best?. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2004, (3): 118–130. 


  7. ^ Luhovyy BL, Akhavan T, Anderson GH. Whey proteins in the regulation of food intake and satiety. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2007, 26 (6): 704S–712S. PMID 18187437. doi:10.1080/07315724.2007.10719651. （原始内容存档于2011-03-26）. 


  8. ^ Haug A, Høstmark AT, Harstad OM, A; Høstmark, AT; Harstad, OM. Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review. Lipids Health Dis. 25 September 2007, 6: 25. PMC 2039733. PMID 17894873. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-6-25. 


  9. ^ P.W. Parodi. A Role for Milk Proteins and their Peptides in Cancer Prevention. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (8): 813–828. ISSN 1873-4286. doi:10.2174/138161207780363059. （原始内容存档于2009-09-24）. 









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