班昭

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班昭(45年?-117年?),字惠班,另名姬,東漢文学家,中国第一个女历史学家。
班昭是班彪之女,班固與班超之妹,漢代,班氏一族在朝廷中地位顯赫,班昭的父親班彪是當代的大文豪,《漢書》的撰寫工作就是由她的父親開始,之後她的大哥班固繼續《漢書》的撰寫,可惜班固含冤死去,班昭便接替亡兄續寫,這便是中國的第一部斷代史。班昭也是中國第一個女歷史學家。班昭的另一位二哥班超是有名的武將,他出使西域,以功封定遠侯,拜西域都護,揚漢威直至中亞細亞三十年之久。然而,皇帝卻一直沒讓班超回國,班昭上書漢和帝,她的文筆絲絲入扣,情真意切,終於打動了和帝,令班超得以回國。
班昭的卓越文采還表現在她寫的夫妇之道《女誡》七篇中。包括:卑弱、夫婦、敬慎、婦行、專心、曲從和叔妹七章。從各個方面闡述了作為一個女子的行為準則,她認為「陰陽殊性,男女異行。陽以剛為德,陰以柔為用,男以彊為貴,女以弱為美。故鄙諺有云:『生男如狼,猶恐其尪;生女如鼠,猶恐其虎』」。
《女誡》原是為了管理家中女眷所著,後被班昭制訂為法律,直到宋朝因程朱理學興起才又開始大力提倡女子守貞、守寡,等等。至清朝時期開始大量出現貞節牌坊,將婦女的貞節操守與家族榮耀視為一體,為了提倡這樣政策,甚至規定家族中的婦女守寡可免除男子苦役,為了鞏固傳統帝制把過往有關於人倫道德加以改編所立定的眾多法條,旨在於僵化人民的思想,避免人民造反進而推翻政權。
據聞班昭是難得一見的美人,嫁予曹世叔為妻。曹世叔早逝,漢和帝知她文章了得[1],召她入宮,屢屢為皇后、貴人的老師,人稱曹大家(家通姑,古用同义)[2][3]。兄長班固編纂《漢書》未竟而卒,班昭承其遺志,獨立完成了第七表〈百官公卿表〉與第六志〈天文志〉,《漢書》遂成。
金星上的班昭隕石坑是以她的名字命名。
参考文献
^ 《後漢書》:「帝數召入宮,令皇后諸貴人師事焉,號曰大家。每有貢獻異物,輒詔大家作賦頌。」
^ 王, 新龙. 大汉王朝. 电子图书: 青苹果数据中心. 2013: 77.
^ 「家」讀作「姑」。
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- WorldCat Identities
- CBDB: 0135108
- FAST: 1806537
- GND: 119037866
- ISNI: 0000 0000 6317 0200
- LCCN: n50082077
- SUDOC: 069898642
- VIAF: 11093338
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