還俗





























佛教
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佛教主題

還俗（梵語：Uppabbajita；英語：Secularize），佛教用語，指出家人捨棄出家戒律和出家人身份，復還世俗身份。




目录






  • 1 詞源


  • 2 概论


  • 3 其他宗教


  • 4 歷史上還俗的知名人物


    • 4.1 中國




  • 5 參見


  • 6 參考資料


  • 7 外部連結





詞源


梵語和巴利語Uppabbajati的詞根ud（उद्）或ut（उत्），爲退出、向外、往上的意思，來自原始印歐語*ud-，和英語out是同源詞。ud + pabbajati爲退出秩序，退出戒律的意思。其動詞形式uppabbājeti，使動形式uppabbajāpeti[1][2]。



概论


還俗原本是指僧尼因為破戒，依律被遂出僧團而返回俗家，恢復世俗人士的身份，故稱還俗。若因個人諸多因素，自願捨戒離開僧團而返回俗家，恢復世俗人士的身份，則稱為歸俗，也稱反俗（返俗）[3] 。但到了後來，還俗也包含有歸俗的意思在內了，不一定是指負面的意思。另外還有一種情況是，因為歷代的禁佛、廢佛活動等政治因素，下令全國的僧尼還俗，例如三武灭佛。反之，也有因非自願的情況下出家，直到獲得准允後才得以還俗，例如後宮的嬪妃、隨侍的奴婢，以及年幼的子女（送去佛寺當小沙彌）等[4]。


至於佛教允許比丘還俗的次數，可以有三次機會，一說是七次[5]；但比丘尼則僅能還俗一次[6]。



其他宗教


除了佛教，在道教中的道士、女冠也常有還俗的情況發生。另外，西方宗教的修道者如修士、修女等不再繼續修道時，中文亦稱為還俗。中外歷史上，許多宗教皆有因受到政治力的介入，而遭到主政者下令拆毀宗教建築物、禁止傳教、強迫還俗的事況發生，造成宗教災難（簡稱教難，佛教徒則多稱為法難），是屬於宗教迫害的其中一種形式。



歷史上還俗的知名人物



中國



  • 蕭衍

  • 武则天

  • 楊太真

  • 朱元璋



參見



  • 出家

  • 佛教戒律



參考資料



维基文库标志


维基文库中相关的原始文献：
吏學指南






  1. ^ 佛學詞彙【uppabbajati】


  2. ^ Wisdom Libary-Uppabbajita


  3. ^ 元．徐元瑞. 吏學指南. : 卷之五. 


  4. ^ 《高僧传·求那跋摩》：众咸议曰：跋摩帝室之胤，又才明德重，可请令还俗，以绍国位。


  5. ^ 《增壹阿含經》卷第二十七：「僧迦摩比丘七變往降魔，今方成道。自今已後，聽七變作道。過此限者，則為非法。」


  6. ^ 《根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷第三十：「苾芻尼一捨法服已歸俗者，不應更令出家，若與出家者師主得越法罪。」




外部連結


  • 藍吉富《中華佛教百科全書》



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