赤纬

Multi tool use
赤纬(英文Declination;縮寫為Dec;符號為δ)是天文学中赤道座標系統中的两个坐标数据之一,另一个坐标数据是赤经。赤纬与地球上的纬度相似,是纬度在天球上的投影。赤纬的单位是度,更小的单位是“角分”和“角秒”,天赤道为0度,天北半球的赤纬度数为正数,天南半球的赤纬的度数为负数。天北极为+90°,天南极为-90°。值得注意的是正号也必须标明。
例如,织女星的确切赤纬(曆元2000.0)为+38°47'01"。
在观测者天顶的赤纬与該觀測地的纬度相同。
赤纬的变化
随著时间的变化,由于天体运动和地轴变化,天体的赤纬不是固定的數值,而是不断变化的。极星的赤纬为+90°或-90°。假如观测者的纬度为l{displaystyle l}
的话,则赤纬高于90{displaystyle 90}
°−l{displaystyle -l}
的天体终日不落于地平线下。这样的天体称为拱极星座。终日不落的太阳称为午夜太阳。
太阳
太阳的赤纬等于太阳入射光与地球赤道之间的角度,由于地球自转轴与公转平面之间的角度基本不变,因此太阳的赤纬随季节不同而有周期性变化,变化的周期等于地球的公转周期,即一年。
太阳赤纬的最高度数为23°26',夏至时太阳的赤纬为+23°26',冬至时太阳的赤纬为-23°26'。春分和秋分时太阳的赤纬为0°。
由于地球公转轨道的偏心率非常低,可以看作是一个圆圈,太阳赤纬可用下面两个公式来计算:
δ=−23.44∘⋅cos(360365⋅(N+10)){displaystyle delta =-23.44^{circ }cdot cos left({frac {360}{365}}cdot left(N+10right)right)}
余弦中的角度的单位是角度
δ=−23.44∘⋅cos(2π365⋅(N+10)){displaystyle delta =-23.44^{circ }cdot cos left({frac {2pi }{365}}cdot left(N+10right)right)}
余弦中的角度的单位是弧度。
N{displaystyle N}
是一年中的日数,1月1日的日数为1。
以上近似公式的误差称为时间差。
月球
月球也有年周期。满月时,其最高赤纬在北半球冬季,最低赤纬在北半球夏季。此外月球还有一个大約19年的长周期,在这个周期中它的最高赤纬在+28°35'到+18°18',最低赤纬在-18°18'到-28°35'之间变化。
恒星
恒星的赤纬在短时间里大致不变,但它们的自行在长时间里會形成很大的变化。
参见
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