网关

Multi tool use
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「gateway」的各地常用譯名 |
中国大陸 |
网关 |
臺灣 |
閘道器 |
港澳 |
閘道器 |
在计算机网络中,网关(英语:Gateway)是转发其他服务器通信数据的服务器,接收从客户端发送来的请求时,它就像自己拥有资源的源服务器一样对请求进行处理。有时客户端可能都不会察觉,自己的通信目标是一个网关。
区别于路由器(由于历史的原因,许多有关TCP/IP的文献曾经把网络层使用的路由器(英语:Router)称为网关,在今天很多局域网采用都是路由来接入网络,因此现在通常指的网关就是路由器的IP),经常在家庭中或者小型企业网络中使用,用于连接局域网和Internet。
网关也经常指把一种协议转成另一种协议的设备,比如语音网关。
概論
在傳統TCP/IP術語中,網路裝置只分成兩種,一種為閘道器(gateway),另一種為主機(host)。閘道器能在網路間轉遞封包,但主機不能轉送封包。在主機(又稱終端系統,end system)中,封包需經過TCP/IP四層協定處理,但是在閘道器(又稱中介系統,intermediate system)只需要到達網際層(Internet layer),決定路徑之後就可以轉送。在當時,閘道器(gateway)與路由器(router)還沒有區別。
在現代網路術語中,閘道器(gateway)與路由器(router)的定義不同。閘道器(gateway)能在不同協定間移動資料,而路由器(router)是在不同網路間移動資料,相當於傳統所說的IP閘道器(IP gateway)。
网关顾名思义就是连接两个网络的设备,对于语音网关来说,他可以连接PSTN和以太网,这就相当于VOIP,把不同电话中的模拟信号通过网关而转换成数字信号,而且加入协议再去传输。在到了接收端的时候再通过网关还原成模拟的电话信号,最后才能在电话机上听到。
对于以太网中的网关只能转发三层以上封包,这一点和路由是一样的。而不同的是网关中并没有路由表,他只能按照预先设定的不同网段来进行转发。网关最重要的一点就是端口映射,子网内用户在外网看来只是外网的IP地址对应着不同的端口,这样看来就会保护子网内的用户。
工作机制
网关的工作机制与代理十分相似。而网关能使通信线路上的服务器提供非 HTTP 协议服务。
应用
利用网关能提高通信的安全性,因为可以在客户端与网关之间的通信线路上加密以确保连接的安全。比如,网关可以连接数据库,使用SQL语句查询数据。另外,在 Web 购物网站上进行信用卡结算时,网关可以和信用卡结算系统联动。
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