吐蕃分裂时期

Multi tool use
西藏历史 |
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藏区 · “西藏”名称
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遠古時期
象雄 ?–645
唐旄 ?–632
东汉与羌的战争 56–169
髮羌 ?–633
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吐蕃時期 633–877
- 唐宋與吐蕃關係史
- 唐與吐蕃戰爭
- 吐蕃臣民大反叛
- 阿曼都
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分裂時期 877–1264
古格王朝 ?–1635
唃厮啰国 1032–1104
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各教派統治時期 1264–1720
薩迦巴 1253–1358
元朝治藏歷史 1271–1368
帕木竹巴 1358–1618
明朝治藏歷史 1368–1644
仁蚌巴 1432–1565
藏巴汗 1618–1642
和硕特汗国 1642–1717
- 达赖喇嘛
- 烏思藏
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清治时期 1720–1912
清朝治藏歷史 1644–1912
- 藏區分治
- 駐藏大臣
- 班禅额尔德尼
- 噶廈
西藏善後章程 1751
- 金瓶掣籤
欽定藏內善後章程 1793
中英藏印條約 1890
中英藏印續約 1893
拉萨条约 1904
中英續訂藏印條約 1906
中英修訂藏印通商章程 1908
第一次驅漢事件 1911
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近代 1912–1951
近代 (1912–1951) 1912–1951
告民众书 1912
聖地佛諭 1913
蒙藏條約 1913
西姆拉條約 1913–1914
- 麦克马洪线
第二次驅漢事件 1949
西藏地方 1928–1965
- 西藏农奴制度
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现代 1951年至今
现代 (1951年至今) 1951年至今
昌都战役 1950
十七條协议 1951
西藏和平解放 1951
- 西藏自治区筹备委员会
- 1959年藏区骚乱
西藏民主改革 1959
七万言书 1962
西藏自治区 1965-
- 1989年拉萨骚乱
- 2008年西藏骚乱
- 藏區連環自焚事件
- 2012年藏区骚乱
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西藏问题
- 西藏独立运动
- 藏人行政中央
- 西藏人民議會
- 大西藏地區
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历史年表(吐蕃) |
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吐蕃分裂时期(藏文:.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Qomolangma-Dunhuang","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","Qomolangma-Woodblock","DDC Uchen","DDC Rinzin",Kailash,"BabelStone Tibetan",Jomolhari,"TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni",Wangdi29,"Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}སིལ་ཆད་དུ་འཆད་པ,意为“支离破碎”)指的是西藏历史上从877年至1264年期间的一个时期。这段时期,吐蕃帝国崩溃,分裂为许多个各自为政的小国。
歷史
842年,吐蕃赞普朗达玛被僧人暗杀,其子云丹与俄松争夺王位。云丹以伍如(逻些小昭寺一带)为据点,俄松以云如(雅隆昌珠寺一带)为据点,双方的支持者发生大规模交战,史称“伍约之战”。吐蕃大乱,不堪重负的農民起兵造反,最后演变成陰土牛年反上大叛變。[1]起事军领袖掘开赞普和贵族的坟墓,大肆屠杀贵族和王族。这些起事军大多都是自发且盲目的,最终或被贵族镇压,或被利用,都失败了。但最终吐蕃无法再建成一个统一的国家,变成四分五裂的局面。
俄松的儿子贝考赞被杀。其子吉德尼玛衮逃亡到阿里地区,建立古格王朝。云丹的后裔则占据拉萨一带,形成了拉萨王系。至11世纪时,吐蕃各地渐渐稳定下来,形成了许多割据的王系。除古格和拉萨两个王系之外,另有拉达克、雅隆觉阿、普兰、亚泽等王系,以及甘肃、青海一带的唃厮啰政权。吐蕃分裂时期虽然统治者各自为政,但在文化上却是一个百家争鸣的时代,各种学说、各种教派纷纷形成,对西藏未来的历史产生了巨大的影响。在这段和平时期里,藏传佛教再度兴盛,史称后弘期。阿底峡就是在这段时期里来到吐蕃的。因為吐蕃大乱,故不對位於東鄰的宋朝造成任何威脅,使宋朝得以專注應付遼朝、西夏和金朝。
1240年,蒙古帝国派阔端侵略吐蕃,试图借此牵制南宋。蒙古人希望找到一个单一的君主来投降,但发现吐蕃各地事实上是各自为政,便将最具实力的萨迦派首领萨迦·班智达请到凉州,商讨归顺之事。萨迦·班智达向阔端宣讲佛法,阔端皈依了藏传佛教,吐蕃与元廷开始建立布施关系。
1264年,忽必烈在吐蕃设置总制院(后改为宣政院),委派萨迦派首领管理吐蕃政教事务,建立萨迦巴政权。吐蕃分裂时期结束。
參見
参考资料
^ Tsepon Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa. One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. BRILL. October 2009: 174–177. ISBN 90-04-17732-9.
- 《吐蕃史稿》,才让著
- 《贤者喜宴》,黄颢译,中国社会科学院民族研究所,1989年3月出版(原载于《西藏民族学院学报》)
- 《西藏王统记》(一译《吐蕃王朝世系明鉴正法源流史》),萨迦派僧人索南坚赞著,刘立千译注。民族出版社,2000年2月出版。
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