孛儿只斤氏




孛兒只斤氏[註 1]（蒙古语：.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian BT","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian BT","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian"}
ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ，鲍培转写：Borǰigin，西里尔字母：Боржигин），清代譯為博爾濟吉特氏（满语：ᠪᠣᡵᠵᡳᡤᡳᡨ，穆麟德：Borjigit，太清：Borjigit，大词典：Borzhigit）或博尔济锦氏。稱“特”者，為其複數形式，表示人數多的意思[1]。孛端察兒的後裔為孛兒只斤氏，後也速該恢復使用此氏族名[2]。




目录






  • 1 元代


  • 2 清代


  • 3 现代


  • 4 注释


  • 5 参考文献





元代


成吉思汗統一蒙古後規定，只有本家的嫡系後裔，才有繼承蒙古大汗及留在蒙古本部的資格；後世便稱作「黃金血胤」或「黃金氏族」。博爾濟吉特氏於蒙古科爾沁一脈，源於成吉思汗的弟弟哈布圖哈薩爾。



清代


在清朝時期，因後宮中有許多后妃皆出此姓氏，使得博爾濟吉特氏成為一個很顯赫的姓氏。来自科尔沁部的人数最多，尤其是在清朝初年的崇德五宮。


下表謹列出所有姓博爾濟吉特氏的后妃：




  • 清太祖：壽康太妃


  • 清太宗：孝端文皇后、孝莊文皇后、敏惠恭和元妃、懿靖大貴妃（出于阿巴噶部）、康惠淑妃、东宫福晋（出于扎鲁特部）


  • 清世祖：世祖廢后、孝惠章皇后、淑惠妃、恭靖妃、端順妃、悼妃


  • 清圣祖：慧妃、宣妃


  • 清高宗：豫妃


  • 清宣宗：孝靜成皇后



现代


在外蒙古，1920年代蒙古人民革命党為改进税收（当时姓可以被用来判断一个人往日地位的高低），遂下令取消姓氏，導致同名字的人太多。儘管1997年蒙古国政府通过法律要求国民重冠姓氏，但是此法规的影响并不大。至2004年蒙古国政府強制國民身份證上冠姓，但又衍生許多國民以博爾濟吉特為姓氏的問題。至2004年10月，约有90%的公民为自己冠姓，但是姓大多數只在正式场合使用，一些人還是不记得自己的姓[3]。
自古以來，蒙古族命名傳統並無類似漢人的「姓」(或Family name)的概念，姓名結構是「父名」+「子名」(親子聯名制)。
蒙古籍日本相撲69代橫綱白鵬，其蒙古名為「芒可巴特·達瓦扎爾格勒」(其前名「芒可巴特」為父名，後名「達瓦扎爾格勒」為自己的名，仍無所謂的姓或家族名Family Name)



注释




  1. ^ 繁：「博爾濟吉特」，简：「孛儿只斤」，拼音：Bóérjìjǐn



参考文献





  1. ^ 《天咫偶聞》影印本. 


  2. ^ 《蒙古秘史》，余大鈞譯，河北人民出版社，2001年5月出版，30頁、41頁


  3. ^ http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2002071306_mongolia24.html









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