希伯来字母




































希伯來字母


Alefbet ivri.svg
类型
不完全辅音音素文字
语言
希伯来语、意第緒語、拉迪諾語、猶太-阿拉伯語（詳見猶太語族）
使用时期
前200年到現在
母书写系统

原始迦南字母

  • 腓尼基字母

    • 亞拉姆字母
      • 希伯來字母
ISO 15924
Hebr、125
书写方向
从右到左
Unicode范围

U+0590到U+05FF


U+FB1D到U+FB4F（表现形式）

注意：本页可能包含Unicode的国际音标。






















现代希伯来语字母表是从亚拉姆语字母表的基础上发展起来的，类似阿拉伯字母。希伯来语使用者称他们的字母表为“aleph-bet”。現時除了希伯來語以外，尚有另一種過去猶太人常用的語言意第绪语亦採用希伯来语字母。




目录






  • 1 字母表


    • 1.1 意第緒语的額外字母




  • 2 發音


  • 3 元音


    • 3.1 元音字母


    • 3.2 尼库德


      • 3.2.1 短音符


      • 3.2.2 元音比較表






  • 4 書寫字體


  • 5 Unicode编码


  • 6 註釋


  • 7 参考文献


  • 8 外部連結





字母表


现代希伯来语的字母表（正讀指一般教科書所描述的現代讀音，俗讀指實際上流行的口語讀音，兩者皆使用國際音標）。有五个希伯来字母存在结尾形，意思是当这个字母位于单词结尾时，要写成这种写法。

































































































































































































名称
 字母
 结尾形
 發音
作為子音
 作為母音
正讀 俗讀

Aleph
.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-size:1.15em;font-family:"Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey David CLM","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli","SBL BibLit","SBL Hebrew",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}
א‬

.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}
[ʔ]

[ʔ]

[a]、
[ɛ]、
[ɔ]

Bet

ב‬


[b]、
[v]

[b]、
[v]

Gimmel

ג‬


[g]

[g]

Dalet

ד‬


[d]

[d]

Hey

ה‬


[h]

[h]（懶音：
[ʔ]）

[a]、
[ɛ]、
[ɔ]

Vav

ו‬


[v]

[v]

[o]、
[u]

Zayin

ז‬


[z]

[z]

Chet

ח‬


[ħ]

[x]

Tet

ט‬


[t]

[t]

Yod

י‬


[j]

[j]

[i]、
[ɛ]

Kaf

כ‬

ך‬

[k]、
[x]

[k]、
[x]

Lamed

ל‬


[l]

[l]

Mem

מ‬

ם‬

[m]

[m]

Nun

נ‬

ן‬

[n]

[n]

Samekh

ס‬


[s]

[s]

Ayin

ע‬


[ʕ]

[ʔ]

Pey

פ‬

ף‬

[p]、
[f]

[p]、
[f]

Tsade

צ‬

ץ‬

[ts]

[ts]

Qof

ק‬


[q]

[k]

Resh

ר‬


[r]

[r]

Shin

ש‬


[ʃ]、
[s]

[ʃ]、
[s]

Tav

ת‬


[t]

[t]


意第緒语的額外字母















符號
 解釋


װ ױ ײ ײַ‬
 只用於意第緒语，不用於希伯來語[註 1]。


בֿ‬
 rafe (
רפה‬) niqqud在希伯來語中不再使用。它仍用於意第緒语中。


發音


参见：希伯來語音系

本說明以現代標準以色列希伯來文讀音為基礎。標以國際音標。
























































































字母

א‬

בּ‬

ב‬

ג‬

גּ‬

ג׳‬

ד‬

דּ‬

ד׳‬

ה‬

ו‬

וּ‬

וֹ‬

וו , ו׳‬]（非標準）[註 2]

ז‬

ז׳‬

ח‬

ט‬

י‬

IPA

[ʔ],
∅

[b]

[v]

[g]

[d͡ʒ]

[d]

[ð]

[h]~
[ʔ],
∅

[v]

[u]

[o̞]

[w]

[z]

[ʒ]

[χ]~
[ħ]

[t]

[j]
字母

ִי‬

כּ ךּ‬

ך כ‬

ל‬

ם מ‬

ן נ‬

ס‬

ע‬

פּ‬

פ ף‬

ץ צ‬

ץ׳ צ׳‬

ק‬

ר‬

שׁ‬

שׂ‬

תּ‬

ת‬

ת׳‬

IPA

[i]

[k]

[χ]

[l]

[m]

[n]

[s]

[ʔ]~
[ʕ],
∅

[p]

[f]

[t͡s]

[tʃ]

[k]

[ʁ]

[ʃ]

[s]

[t]

[θ]


元音



元音字母


「א‬」（aleph）、「ה‬」（hey）、「ו‬」（vav）和「י‬」（yod）不僅是輔音字母（表示輔音時分別為/ʔ/, /h/, /v/, /j/），有時也可以用來表示元音。在表示元音的時候，「ו‬」和「י‬」與希伯來語元音標點符號——尼庫德一起構成元音指示符；而「א‬」和「ה‬」是無聲的，它們的作用純粹是表明無標記的元音。





















































字母 名字 表示輔音 表示元音 元音指示符名字
元音


א‬
 Aleph

/ʔ/
 — —
 ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô


ה‬
 Hey

/h/
 — —
 ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô


ו‬
 Vav

/v/

וֹ‬
 ḥolám malé
 ô


וּ‬
 shurúq
 û


י‬
 Yod

/j/

‏ִי‬
 ḥiríq malé
 î


‏ֵי‬
 tseré malé
 ê, ệ


尼库德


主条目：希伯來語注音符號

尼庫德（希伯来语：נִקּוּד‎‎，英语：Niqqud）是一個幫助確定元音和輔音的注音系統。在希伯來文的書寫中通常會省略所有尼库德，除了兒童圖書、祈禱書、詩歌、外來語和發音不明確的單詞。希伯來語有五個元音音位/i e a o u/，但尼庫德對此有更多標記：




























































名字
 尼库德
以色列希伯來語

IPA
轉寫

Hiriq
Hebrew Hiriq.svg

[i]
 i

Zeire
Hebrew Zeire.svg

[ɛ]
 e

Segol
Hebrew Segol.svg

[ɛ],(
[ɛi]
和隨後的yod一起)
 e,（ei
和隨後的yod一起）

Patach
Hebrew Patah.svg

[a]
 a

Kamatz
Hebrew Qamaz.svg

[a], (或
[ɔ])
 a,（或 o）

Holam
סֹ

[ɔ]
 o

Shuruk
Hebrew Equal Shuruk.svg

[u]
 u

Kubutz
Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg

[u]
 u

注释1：符号"O"代表一个希伯来字母。



短音符


通過在字母下面增加兩個垂直放置的點，叫做短音符（Sh'va），表示元音非常短。




































名字
 尼库德
以色列希伯來語

IPA
轉寫

Shva
Tilde Schwa.svg

[ɛ] 或
Ø
 撇號（'）、e
或不寫

Reduced Segol
Hataf Segol.svg

[ɛ]
 e

Reduced Patach
Hataf Patah.svg

[a]
 a

Reduced Kamatz
Hataf Qamaz.svg

[ɔ]
 o

注释2：Shva放在字首發[ɛ]音，放在字尾不發聲。



元音比較表
















































元音比較表

元音長度
（在以色列希伯來語中發音中不顯著）
IPA
轉寫
長
 短
 非常短


ָ‬

ַ‬

ֲ‬
 [a] a


ֵ‬

ֶ‬

ֱ‬
 [ɛ] e


וֹ‬

ָ‬

ֳ‬
 [ɔ] o


וּ‬

ֻ‬
n/a
 [u] u


‏ִי‬

ִ‬
 [i] i


書寫字體


  • 如果下列有無襯線的字體看起來沒有相應區分，請調整瀏覽器的字體設置，比如“允許頁面選擇顯示字體”。
































































































































































































































































字母
名字[2]
 書體
現代
 古代

襯線體
無襯線體
等寬體
手寫體
Rashi文
亞蘭文

Aleph
א
א
א
Hebrew letter Alef handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Alef Rashi.png
Aleph.svg

Bet
ב
ב
ב
Hebrew letter Bet handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Bet Rashi.png
Beth.svg

Gimmel
ג
ג
ג
Hebrew letter Gimel handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Gimel Rashi.png
Igimel.png

Dalet
ד
ד
ד
Hebrew letter Daled handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Daled Rashi.png
Daleth.svg

Hey
ה
ה
ה
Hebrew letter He handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter He Rashi.png
He0.svg

Vav
ו
ו
ו
Hebrew letter Vav handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Vav Rashi.png
Waw.svg

Zayin
ז
ז
ז
Hebrew letter Zayin handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Zayin Rashi.png
Zayin.svg

Chet
ח
ח
ח
Hebrew letter Het handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Het Rashi.png
Heth.svg

Tet
ט
ט
ט
Hebrew letter Tet handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Tet Rashi.png
Teth.svg

Yod
י
י
י
Hebrew letter Yud handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Yud Rashi.png
Yod.svg

Kaf
כ
כ
כ
Hebrew letter Kaf handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Kaf-nonfinal Rashi.png
Kaph.svg

Kaf Sofit
ך
ך
ך
Hebrew letter Kaf-final handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Kaf-final Rashi.png

Lamed
ל
ל
ל
Hebrew letter Lamed handwriting.svg
Lamed (Rashi-script - Hebrew letter).svg
Lamed.svg

Mem
מ
מ
מ
Hebrew letter Mem handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Mem-nonfinal Rashi.png
Mem.svg

Mem Sofit
ם
ם
ם
Hebrew letter Mem-final handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Mem-final Rashi.png

Nun
נ
נ
נ
Hebrew letter Nun handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Nun-nonfinal Rashi.png
Nun.svg

Nun Sofit
ן
ן
ן
Hebrew letter Nun-final handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Nun-final Rashi.png

Samekh
ס
ס
ס
Hebrew letter Samekh handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Samekh Rashi.png
Samekh.svg

Ayin
ע
ע
ע
Hebrew letter Ayin handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Ayin Rashi.png
Ayin.svg

Pey
פ
פ
פ
Hebrew letter Pe handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Pe-nonfinal Rashi.png
Pe0.svg

Pey Sofit
ף
ף
ף
Hebrew letter Pe-final handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Pe-final Rashi.png

Tsade
צ
צ
צ
Hebrew letter Tsadik handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Tsadik-nonfinal Rashi.png
Sade 1.svg, Sade 2.svg

Tsade Sofit
ץ
ץ
ץ
Hebrew letter Tsadik-final handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Tsadik-final Rashi.png

Qof
ק
ק
ק
Hebrew letter Kuf handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Kuf Rashi.png
Qoph.svg

Resh
ר
ר
ר
Hebrew letter Resh handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Resh Rashi.png
Resh.svg

Shin
ש
ש
ש
Hebrew letter Shin handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Shin Rashi.png
Shin.svg

Tav
ת
ת
ת
Hebrew letter Taf handwriting.svg
Hebrew letter Taf Rashi.png
Taw.svg


Unicode编码






























































































































































希伯來文
Hebrew[1][2]
Unicode Consortium官方代码表（PDF）
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+059x


֑ ‬

֒ ‬

֓ ‬

֔ ‬

֕ ‬

֖ ‬

֗ ‬

֘ ‬

֙ ‬

֚ ‬

֛ ‬

֜ ‬

֝ ‬

֞ ‬

֟ ‬
U+05Ax

֠ ‬

֡ ‬

֢ ‬

֣ ‬

֤ ‬

֥ ‬

֦ ‬

֧ ‬

֨ ‬

֩ ‬

֪ ‬

֫ ‬

֬ ‬

֭ ‬

֮ ‬

֯ ‬
U+05Bx

ְ ‬

ֱ ‬

ֲ ‬

ֳ ‬

ִ ‬

ֵ ‬

ֶ ‬

ַ ‬

ָ ‬

ֹ ‬

ֺ ‬

ֻ ‬

ּ ‬

ֽ ‬

־‬

ֿ ‬
U+05Cx

׀‬

ׁ ‬

ׂ ‬

׃‬

ׄ ‬

ׅ ‬

׆‬

ׇ ‬







U+05Dx

א‬

ב‬

ג‬

ד‬

ה‬

ו‬

ז‬

ח‬

ט‬

י‬

ך‬

כ‬

ל‬

ם‬

מ‬

ן‬
U+05Ex

נ‬

ס‬

ע‬

ף‬

פ‬

ץ‬

צ‬

ק‬

ר‬

ש‬

ת‬




U+05Fx

װ‬

ױ‬

ײ‬

׳‬

״‬











注释

1.^ 依据Unicode 8.0

2.^ 灰色区域指示未被分配的码点



下表中U+FB1D到U+FB4F有關希伯來字母。

























































































字母表現形式
Alphabetic Presentation Forms[1][2]
希伯來文子集
Unicode Consortium官方代码表（PDF）
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+FB1x
 （U+FB00—U+FB1C略）

יִ‬

ﬞ ‬

ײַ‬
U+FB2x

ﬠ‬

ﬡ‬

ﬢ‬

ﬣ‬

ﬤ‬

ﬥ‬

ﬦ‬

ﬧ‬

ﬨ‬

﬩‬

שׁ‬

שׂ‬

שּׁ‬

שּׂ‬

אַ‬

אָ‬
U+FB3x

אּ‬

בּ‬

גּ‬

דּ‬

הּ‬

וּ‬

זּ‬


טּ‬

יּ‬

ךּ‬

כּ‬

לּ‬


מּ‬
U+FB4x

נּ‬

סּ‬


ףּ‬

פּ‬


צּ‬

קּ‬

רּ‬

שּ‬

תּ‬

וֹ‬

בֿ‬

כֿ‬

פֿ‬

ﭏ‬

注释

1.^ 依据Unicode 8.0

2.^ 灰色区域指示未被分配的码点




註釋




  1. ^ However, וו（two separate vavs）, used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ligature װ（also two vavs but together as one character）.


  2. ^ Both
    [v] and
    [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav. Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote
    [w] as opposed to
    [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound
    [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context, see also pronunciation of Hebrew Vav.[1]



参考文献





  1. ^ Transliteration Rules (PDF). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-02-28）.  issued by the Academy of the Hebrew Language.


  2. ^ 希伯来字母表：方体、名称




外部連結






维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：希伯来字母


  • Hebrew alphabet lesson

  • How to draw letters

  • Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew

  • Transliterate your English name into Hebrew Letters


鍵盤




  • LiteType.com - Virtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard


  • Mikledet.com - for typing Hebrew with an English keyboard（Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout）


  • Hebrew Writing - Typing Hebrew and Nikud using extended English keyboard（Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew Writing layout）


  • Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription Biblical Archaeology Review






规范控制


  • AAT: 300256146

  • GND: 4444559-3

  • NDL: 00563059



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