University of Calcutta













































































University of .Calcutta
University of Calcutta logo.svg
Motto Advancement of Learning
Type Public
Established 24 January 1857; 162 years ago (24 January 1857)
Founder Alexander Duff
Chancellor Governor of West Bengal
Vice-Chancellor Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee[1]
Students 22,520[2]
Undergraduates 3,715[2]
Postgraduates 15,750[2]
Location
Kolkata
,
West Bengal
,
India


22°34′35″N 88°21′43″E / 22.57639°N 88.36194°E / 22.57639; 88.36194Coordinates: 22°34′35″N 88°21′43″E / 22.57639°N 88.36194°E / 22.57639; 88.36194
Campus Urban
Acronym CU
Colors
Sky blue     
Affiliations
UGC, NAAC, AIU, AICTE
Website www.caluniv.ac.in

The University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University or CU) is a collegiate public state university located in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), West Bengal, India established on 24 January 1857.[3] It was the first institution in Asia to be established as a multidisciplinary and secular Western-style university.[citation needed] Within India it is recognized as a "Five-Star University" And Accredited "A" Grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council and declared as a "University With Potential For Excellence" & a "Centre with Potential for Excellence In Particular Area" by the University Grants Commission .[4][5]
Its alumni and faculty include four Nobel laureates, namely Ronald Ross (Medicine), Rabindranath Tagore (Literature), C. V. Raman (Physics), and Amartya Sen (Economics).[6]
The university has the highest number of students who have cleared the doctoral entrance eligibility exam in Natural Science & Arts conducted by Government of India's National Eligibility Test to become eligible to pursue research with a full scholarship awarded by the Government of India.[7]




Contents






  • 1 History


  • 2 Seal


  • 3 Campuses


    • 3.1 Asutosh Siksha Prangan


    • 3.2 Rashbihari Siksha Prangan


    • 3.3 Taraknath Siksha Prangan


    • 3.4 Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan


    • 3.5 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Siksha Prangan




  • 4 Academics


    • 4.1 Research


    • 4.2 Rankings




  • 5 Faculties and departments


    • 5.1 Faculty of Agriculture


    • 5.2 Faculty of Arts


    • 5.3 Faculty of Commerce, Social Welfare & Business Management


    • 5.4 Faculty of Education, Journalism and Library Science


    • 5.5 Faculty of Engineering & Technology


    • 5.6 Faculty of Fine Arts, Music and Home Science


    • 5.7 Faculty of Law


    • 5.8 Faculty of Science




  • 6 Libraries


  • 7 Student halls of residence


  • 8 Colleges


    • 8.1 Centres


    • 8.2 Recognised institutes




  • 9 Accreditation and recognition


  • 10 Notable initiatives


  • 11 Vice chancellors


  • 12 Notable people


  • 13 See also


  • 14 References


  • 15 External links





History


Main article: History of University of Calcutta

The Calcutta University Act came into force on 24 January 1857 and a 41-member Senate was formed as the policy making body of the university. The land for the establishment of this university was given by Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur, who was a Maharaja of Darbhanga. When the university was first established it had a catchment area covering the area from Lahore to Rangoon (now in Myanmar), and Ceylon, the largest of any Indian university.[6]



































First Chancellor
 Governor General Lord Canning
First Indian Chancellor
 Shri Chakravarti Rajagopalacharia
First Vice-chancellor
 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Sir James William Colvile
First Indian Vice-Chancellor
 Honourable Justice Gooroodas Banerjee in 1890
Last British and non-Indian Vice-Chancellor
 Hassan Suhrawardy
First graduates
 Joddu Nath Bose and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay , in 1858
First lady graduates
 Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu
First lady Vice-Chancellor
 Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee (15 July, 2017 ---)

[8] Sir Ashutosh Mukherjee was the Vice-Chancellor for four consecutive two-year terms (1906–1914) and a fifth two-year term (1921–23). Four Nobel laureates were associated with this university: Ronald Ross. Rabindra Nath Tagore, C. V. Raman and Amartya Sen.[6]



Seal




University of Calcutta logo at the time of Colonial period


The current university seal (top of the page) is the modified version of the sixth seal. The motto Advancement of Learning has remained the same through the seal's transitions.[9]



Campuses




Ashutosh Building at the College Street campus




Hazra Campus


The university has a total of 14 campuses spread over the city of Kolkata and its suburbs. The major campuses are the Central Campus (Ashutosh Shiksha Prangan) in College Street, Rashbehari Shiksha Prangan in Rajabazar, Taraknath Palit Shiksha Prangan in Ballygunge and Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan in Alipore.
[10]


Other campuses include the Hazra Road Campus, the University Press and Book Depot, the B. T. Road Campus, the Viharilal College of Home Science Campus, the University Health Service, the Haringhata Campus, the Dhakuria Lakes (University Rowing Club) and the University Ground and Tent at Maidan.[10]



Asutosh Siksha Prangan


Asutosh Siksha Prangan (commonly called the College Street Campus) is the main campus of the university, where the administrative work is done. Located on College Street, is spread over a small area of 2.7 acres (0.011 km2).[11]



Rashbihari Siksha Prangan


Rashbihari Siksha Prangan (also known as University College of Science, Technology & Agriculture or commonly Rajabazar Science College), located on Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road in Rajabazar, established in 1914,[12] houses several scientific and technological departments, including pure and applied chemistry, pure and applied physics, Radiophysics, applied mathematics, psychology, physiology, biophysics and molecular biology, and others.[10]



Taraknath Siksha Prangan


Taraknath Siksha Prangan (also known as University College of Science or commonly Ballygunge Science College) on Ballygunge Circular Road in the southern part of the city, houses the departments of agriculture, anthropology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, genetics, statistics, zoology, neuroscience, marine science, biotechnology and most notably geology, among others.[10] And Department of Jute and Fibre Technology. Commonly known as Institute of Jute Technology.



Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan


Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan commonly known as Alipore Campus,located at Alipore is the Humanities campus of the University. Departments of History, Ancient Indian History & Culture, Islamic History & Culture, South & South East Asian Studies, Archaeology, Political Science, Business Management are situated in this campus. Department of Museology which is also houses in this campus is a valuable department of the University as well as any universities in India.



Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Siksha Prangan




Technology Campus, Salt Lake


The university is building a campus which is known as "Technology Campus" or "Tech Campus", to bring together the three engineering and technical departments (Department of Computer Science and Engineering, A.K.C. School of Information Technology, and Department of Applied Optics & Photonics), in Sector 3, JD Block, Salt Lake.[12][13]


As of December 2016, most of these departments have been moved to this campus and regular classes are held here. The main building houses most of these departments while the Nano-science and Nanotechnology.



Academics



Research




Notable scientists from the University of Calcutta. Seated (L to R):Meghnad Saha, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Jnan Chandra Ghosh. Standing (L to R): Snehamoy Dutt, Satyendranath Bose, Debendra Mohan Bose, N R Sen, Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee, N C Nag


Undergraduates enroll for a three-year program. Students choose a major when they enter the university, and cannot change it later, unless they opt for the university's professional or self-financed postgraduate programs later. Science and business disciplines are in high demand, largely in the anticipation of better employment prospects. Most programs are organized on an annual basis, though some programs are semester dependent. Most departments offer masters programs of a year or a few years' duration. Research is conducted in specialized institutes as well as individual departments, many of which have doctoral programs.


University of Calcutta has the biggest research center which started from the 100th Science Congress of India in January, 2013. This is the Center for Research in Nanosience and Nanotechnology (CRNN) in the Technology Campus of CU at Salt Lake, West Bengal[14].


The university has 18 research centres, 710 teachers, 3000 non-teaching staff and 11,000 post-graduate students.[2]



Rankings














































University and college rankings
General – international

QS (World) (2018)[15]
 751-780

QS (BRICS) (2018)[16]
 64

QS (Asia) (2018)[17]
 125

Times (World) (2018)[18]
 801-1000

Times (BRICS) (2017)[19]
 179

Times (Asia) (2018)[20]
 201-250
General – India

NIRF (Overall) (2017)[21]
 27

NIRF (Universities) (2017)[22]
 16

NIRF (Overall) (2018)[23]
 21

NIRF (Universities) (2018)[24]
 14

Internationally, the University of Calcutta was ranked 751-780 in the QS World University Rankings of 2018.[15] The same rankings ranked it 125 in Asia[17] and 64 among BRICS nations.[16] It was ranked 801-1000 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2018,[18] 201-250 in ASIA[20] and 179 among BRICS & Emerging Economies in 2017.[19]


In India, it was ranked 21 overall by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2018[23] and 14 among universities.[24]



Faculties and departments


The university has 65 departments organised into eight faculties: agriculture; arts; commerce; social welfare & business management; education, journalism and library science; engineering & technology; fine arts, music and home science; law and science.[25]




The social sciences and business management departments are housed at the Alipore campus.



Faculty of Agriculture


This faculty consists only of one department called the Institute of Agricultural Science and offers post graduate courses in agro-technology, agro-ecology, agronomy, agriculture chemistry and soil science, agriculture and rural development, agriculture and resource economics, agricultural engineering, animal science, bacteriology, crop science, dairy science, fisheries science, food technology, horticulture, genetics & plant breeding, soil and water science, seed science & technology among others.


The College of Agriculture was founded by professor Pabitra Kumar Sen, who was the Khaira Professor of Agriculture in the early 1950s.[26]



Faculty of Arts


This faculty consists the departments of Ancient Indian History and Culture, archaeology, anthropology, Arabic & Persian, Bengali, language and literature, comparative Indian literature, creative writing, classics, demography, economics, ethnic studies, English language and literature, Hindi, history, linguistics, museology, Pali, philosophy, psychology, political science, public policy & administration, sociology, Sanskrit, South and South-East Asian Studies, theater and drama, gender and women's studies.[27]



Faculty of Commerce, Social Welfare & Business Management


This faculty consists of the departments of business management and commerce.



Faculty of Education, Journalism and Library Science


This faculty consists of three departments that offer courses on education, journalism and mass communication, and library & information science.[28]



Faculty of Engineering & Technology


This faculty consists of the departments of applied optics and photonics, applied physics, chemical engineering, chemical technology, computer science and engineering, information technology, polymer science and technology, petroleum engineering,radio physics and electronics, Jute And Fibre Technology.



Faculty of Fine Arts, Music and Home Science


This faculty consists of the Department of Home Science, which offers courses on subjects such as food and nutrition, human development, and home science.[29]



Faculty of Law


This faculty comprises only the department of law. Established in January 1909 as the University College of Law, it was granted the status as the department of law of the university in February 1996. This campus is popularly known as Hazra Law College.


The faculty has many luminaries associated with it, including Rajendra Prasad, Rashbehari Ghose, and Chhitaranjan Das.



Faculty of Science


This faculty has twenty departments. This faculty offers courses on traditional science subjects.[30]




University Central Library viewed from College Square


The Department of Applied Physics was established in 1925 and is located in Anand Nagar. Studies are also being conducted in instrumentation engineering, electrical engineering, optics, and opto-electronics.



Libraries


The first university library started functioning in the 1870s. Apart from 39 departmental libraries it has a central library, two campus libraries, and two libraries of the advanced centers spread across the seven campuses. Students of affiliated colleges can also access the central library. The university library has over 10 million books and more than 200,000 bound journals, proceedings, manuscripts, and patents.[31]



Student halls of residence


Most of the affiliated undergraduate colleges located in the city have their own separate student hostels. The university has 17 hostels, of which eight (two for UG and six for PG) are for women, and in total 13 hostels are for PG students, which are scattered all over the city.[32]



Colleges


Main article: List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta

As of 2012, 136 colleges are affiliated with the university.[33]



Centres



  • Women's Studies Research Centre

  • Gandhian Studies Centre

  • Centre for Urban Economic Studies

  • S. K. Mitra Centre for Space Environment

  • Peace Studies Research Centre

  • Centre for Horticultural Studies

  • Centre for Pakistan and West Asian Studies

  • Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

  • Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities

  • Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies

  • Centre for Studies in Book Publishing

  • Nehru Studies Centre

  • Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy

  • Institute of Foreign Policy Studies

  • Centre for Pollination Studies



Recognised institutes


  • Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata


Accreditation and recognition


The university enjoys both national and international repute:



  • In Year 2001 the University of Calcutta was awarded with the ‘Five Star’ status in the first cycle of the University's accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).[5] In 2009 and 2017, the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) awarded its highest grade of 'A' to the University of Calcutta in 2nd & 3rd cycle of the University's accreditation.[5][34]

  • On 8 December 2005, the University Grants Commission (UGC) recognised the University of Calcutta as a "University with Potential for Excellence" (UPE status).[35]

  • University Of Calcutta was declared as a "Centre With Potential For Excellence In Particular Area" (CPEPA status) by University Grants Commission(UGC).[5][36]

  • University Of Calcutta Was Selected under Sub-Component 1.2 Section For the "Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme" (TEQIP Scheme) by NPIU.[37]

  • For the session 2010–2011, the University of Calcutta was selected for the "Promotion Of University Research and Scientific Excellence"(PURSE) programme in Group B Category By DST.[38]


  • UGC Undertook many of Calcutta University's departments under its Special Assistance Programme (SAP) in CAS(Centre of advanced study),DSA(Dept of Special Assistance)& DRS(Depatmental research support) schemes.

  • University of Calcutta is ranked among the "TOP 20" universities in India by NIRF in its university ranking (2017: 16th rank, 2018: 14th rank).[39]

  • The Manuscript Library at the University has been recently designated as a Manuscript Conservation Centre under the National Mission for Manuscripts, which was established in 2003.[40]


Notable initiatives




Calcutta Medical College in 1910


Some of the notable initiatives associated with the university are:



  • The first university located to the east of Suez to teach European classics, English literature, European and Indian philosophy and Occidental and Oriental history.

  • The first medical school of Asia, the Calcutta Medical College, was established in 1835. In 1857 it got affiliated to the university.[41]

  • The first college for women in India, the Bethune College, was established in 1879.[42]

  • The nation's first homeopathy college was established in 1880.

  • The science college was established in 1917, the first in India.

  • The first school for blind people in India was established in 1925.

  • The first university museum in India, The Ashutosh Museum, was established in 1937.

  • The Government Arts College was established in 1951.[43]

  • The Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM) was established in 1953 as the country's first management institute.[44]



Vice chancellors






  • Due to his works on the comparative-historical evolution of legal and political systems, the fourth vice chancellor Sir Henry Maine is widely regarded as a founding figure in the sociology of law.







  • During the tenure of vice-chancellor Sir Asutosh Mookerjee, the university underwent significant expansion.







  • Shyma Prasad Mukherjeee, Youngest Vice-chancellor of the University of Calcutta and Ex Minister of Commerce and Industry of India and Finance Minister of Bengal Province.







  • Justice Radhabinod Pal, who served as vice-chancellor, went on to be the sole dissenting judge in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East's trials of Japanese war crimes committed during World War II.








  • James William Colvile, 1857–1859


  • William Ritchie, 1859–1862

  • Claudius James Erskine, 1862–1863


  • Henry Sumner Maine, 1863–1867

  • W. S. Seton-Karr, 1867–1869


  • Edward Clive Bayley, 1869–1875


  • Arthur Hobhouse, 1875–1877


  • William Markby, 1877–1878


  • Alexander Arbuthnot, 1878–1880


  • Arthur Wilson, 1880–1884

  • H. J. Reynolds, 1883–1886


  • C. P. Ilbert, 1886


  • William Wilson Hunter, 1886–1887


  • William Comer Petheram, 1887–1889


  • Gooroodas Banerjee, 1890–1892

  • Jones Quain Pigot, 1893


  • Alfred Woodley Croft, 1893–1896

  • E. J. Trevelyan, 1897–1898


  • Francis William Maclean, 1898–1900

  • Thomas Raleigh, 1900–1904


  • Alexander Pedler, 1904–1906


  • Asutosh Mookerjee, 1906–1914

  • Devaprasad Sarvadhikary, 1914–1918


  • Lancelot Sanderson, 1918–1919


  • Nilratan Sircar, 1919–1921


  • Asutosh Mookerjee, 1921–1923 (second term)


  • Bhupendra Nath Bose, 1923–1924

  • William Ewart Greaves, 1924–1926


  • Jadunath Sarkar, 1926–1928

  • W. S. Urquhart, 1928–1930


  • Hassan Suhrawardy, 1930–1934


  • Syama Prasad Mookerjee, 1934–1938


  • Sir Azizul Huque, 1938–1942


  • Bidhan Chandra Roy, 1942–1944


  • Radhabinod Pal, 1944–1946

  • Pramathanath Banerjee, 1946–1949

  • Charuchandra Biswas, 1949–1950


  • Sambhunath Banerjee, 1950–1954

  • Jnan Chandra Ghosh, 1954–1955


  • Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta, 1955–1960


  • Subodh Mitra, 1960–1961


  • Surajit Chandra Lahiri, 1962

  • Bidhubhushan Malik, 1962–1968

  • S. N. Sen, 1968–1976

  • Sushil Kumar Mukherjee, 1976–1979


  • Ramendra Kumar Podder, 1979–1983


  • Santosh Bhattacharyya, 1983–1987

  • Bhaskarananda Ray Chaudhuri, 1987–1991

  • Rathindra Narayan Basu, 1991–1999

  • Asis Kumar Banerjee, 1999–2008

  • Suranjan Das, 2008–2015


  • Sugata Marjit, 2015–2016

  • Ashutosh Ghosh, 2016–2017[45]


  • Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee, 2017–2018[46]




Notable people


Main article: list of University of Calcutta people




Fatima Jinnah, sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied Dentistry at the university's Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital




One of the first female graduates of the university, Kadambini Ganguly was also the first qualified female physician of the British Empire




One of the first female graduates of the university and the British Empire, Chandramukhi Basu became the first female head of an undergraduate college in South Asia


The university has produced many scientists, engineers, world leaders and Nobel laureates and teachers. As the oldest university of Bengal and India, it attracted students from diverse walks of life. Nobel laureates who either studied or worked here include Rabindranath Tagore, Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Ronald Ross, and Amartya Sen. The Academy Award winning director Satyajit Ray was an alumnus of this university. So was the composer of the national song of India, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Some of the industrialists who studied in this university include Sir Rajen Mookerjee, Rama Prasad Goenka, Lakshmi Mittal, Vinay Maloo and Aditya Birla. Notable scientists and mathematicians associated with the university include Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Meghnad Saha, Anil Kumar Gain, Satyendra Nath Bose, Debarati Guha-Sapir and Ashoke Sen.


A nationalist leader, and former president of the Indian National Congress, co-founder of the Indian National Army, and head of state of the Provisional Government of Free India, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose here. Other presidents of the Indian National Congress include Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Anandamohan Bose, Romesh Chunder Dutt, Bhupendra Nath Bose and Madan Mohan Malaviya. Malaviya was also the founder of the Banaras Hindu University. Among the presidents of India associated with this university are Rajendra Prasad (who studied here) and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (who taught here), and Pranab Mukherjee, who both studied and taught at affiliated colleges of the university. The former vice president of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari studied here, as did a former deputy prime minister of India, Jagjivan Ram. Many governors of Indian states studied here, including the first Indian governors of Bihar and Odisha, Lord Satyendra Prasanno Sinha of Raipur, Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh, governor of the Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, and Banwari Lal Joshi, the former governor of Delhi, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh and current governor of Uttarakhand. The former ruler of the Indian princely state of Coochbehar, Maharaja Nripendra Narayan Bhupa Bahadur as well as Patayet Sahib Maharajkumar Bhoopendra Narayan Singh Deo of Saraikela were also alumni of this university, as were colonial-era prime ministers Albion Rajkumar Banerjee of Kashmir and A.K. Fazlul Huq of undivided Bengal. Among its former students are eight chief ministers of West Bengal (Prafulla Chandra Ghosh, Bidhan Chandra Ray, Prafulla Chandra Sen, Ajoy Mukherjee, Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Jyoti Basu, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, and Mamata Banerjee), three chief ministers each of Assam (Gopinath Bordoloi, Bishnuram Medhi and Golap Borbora) and Bihar (Krishna Sinha, Binodanand Jha and Ram Sundar Das), two chief ministers of Meghalaya (B.B. Lyngdoh and S.C. Marak), and a chief minister each of Madhya Pradesh (Ravishankar Shukla), Manipur (Rishang Keishing), Nagaland (S.C. Jamir) and Sikkim (B B Gurung),
. Among the chief justices of the Supreme Court of India are Bijan Kumar Mukherjea, Sudhi Ranjan Das, Amal Kumar Sarkar, Ajit Nath Ray, Sabyasachi Mukharji and Altamas Kabir. Others have also served as judges in the Supreme Court, and as chief justices and judges in state high courts.


Heads of state from other countries associated with this university include four presidents of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Mohammad Mohammadullah, Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, Abdus Sattar, three prime ministers of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Muhammad Mansur Ali, and Begum Khaleda Zia, three prime ministers of Pakistan, Mohammad Ali Bogra, Hussein Shaheed Suhrawardy, and Nurul Amin, the first premier of Burma under British rule, Ba Maw, the first president of Nepal, Ram Baran Yadav and the first democratically elected prime minister of Nepal, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, and his successor Tulsi Giri.



See also




  • Portal-puzzle.svg University of Calcutta portal

  • List of University of Calcutta honorary degree recipients

  • List of universities in India

  • List of institutions of higher education in India

  • Education in India

  • Distance Education Council

  • History of the University of Calcutta



References




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  29. ^ "Faculty Council for Post-Graduate Studies in Fine Arts, Music and Home Science". Courses offered. University of Calcutta. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2007.


  30. ^ "Faculty Council for Post-Graduate Studies in Science". Courses offered. University of Calcutta. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2007.


  31. ^ University library caluniv.ac.in. Retrieved 24 March 2013


  32. ^ University Halls and Hostels Archived 17 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine caluniv.ac.in. Retrieved 5 December 2012


  33. ^ "Antidote to admission hit-and-miss". The Telegraph. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.


  34. ^ NAAC accredited Institutes[permanent dead link]naac.gov.in. Retrieved 6 August 2012


  35. ^ "CU gets "Potential for Excellence" tag of University Grants Commission". Cities.expressindia.com. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.


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  40. ^ Manuscript Conservation Centres Archived 6 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine National Mission for Manuscripts.


  41. ^ Medical College, Kolkata Official website of Calcutta Medical College. Retrieved 5 August 2012.


  42. ^ History Of Bethune College Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine bethunecollege.ac.in Official Site of Bethune College. Retrieved 5 August 2012


  43. ^ A Journey through 145 Years Archived 7 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine gcac.edu.in. Official site of Government College of Art & Craft, Kolkata. Retrieved 5 August 2012


  44. ^ Historical Background of IISWBM Archived 6 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine iiswbm.edu. Official website of IISWBM. Retrieved 5 August 2012


  45. ^ "Our Vice-Chancellors". University of Calcutta. Retrieved 19 July 2016.


  46. ^ "Vice-Chancellors". www.caluniv.ac.in.



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