番紅花





Disambig gray.svg  本文介紹的是番紅花屬下的一個種，Crocus sativus。關於此種所在的屬，請見「番紅花屬」。






































番紅花

Crocus sativus2.jpg

科学分类 编辑
界：
植物界 Plantae
演化支：
被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：
单子叶植物 Monocots
目：
天門冬目 Asparagales
科：
鳶尾科 Iridaceae
属：
番紅花屬 Crocus

种：
番紅花 C. sativus

二名法

Crocus sativus
L.

異名[1]




  • Crocus autumnalis Sm. nom. illeg.


  • Crocus officinalis (L.) Honck.


  • Crocus orsinii Parl.


  • Crocus pendulus Stokes


  • Crocus setifolius Stokes


  • Geanthus autumnalis Raf.


  • Safran officinarum Medik.







鳞茎


番紅花（Saffron (/ˈsæfrɒn/)，學名：Crocus sativus）或稱西紅花、紅藍花、草紅花、紅花菜，是鳶尾科番紅花屬的多年生花卉，也是常見的香料。若以重量衡量，番紅花是世界上最昂貴的香料[2][3]。番紅花是西南亞原生種[4][3]，但由希臘人最先開始人工栽培[5]。


不少中国大陆的民众认为番红花（中国大陆民众多称藏红花）是产于西藏的红色花朵，其实是产于土耳其和伊朗一带的植物，传于西藏，所以起了这样的别名[6]。




目录






  • 1 珍貴價值


  • 2 貿易和用途


  • 3 假冒番紅花


  • 4 参考文献


    • 4.1 引用


    • 4.2 来源




  • 5 外部連結





珍貴價值


番紅花是全世界最貴的香料，大約要170,000朵番紅花才能收集到1kg的雌蕊柱頭，因為每一朵紫色的番紅花只有三個柱頭，而柱頭的取得必須在日出前以人工完成採摘以避免花朵枯萎而失去採收價值，採收後必須在乾燥脫水後才能分級出售。雖然番紅花價格不菲，但在番紅花盛產地區的價格約為非產地的十分之一左右，因此亦有廚師會在番紅花產地大量購買番紅花，不過，好的番紅花香料只要使用極微的份量即可。



貿易和用途


主条目：番紅花貿易和用途

伊朗是世界最大的番紅花出產地，佔世界總產量90%以上。其次是西班牙。


番紅花主要用於食物香料上，譬如制作西班牙海鮮飯。


在傳統醫學上，番紅花有多種用途。中世紀的歐洲人使用番紅花治療呼吸道感染（咳嗽和感冒）、猩紅熱、天花、癌症和哮喘。此外，番紅花還會用來醫治血液和其他疾病包括：失眠、癱瘓、心臟病、脹氣、胃病、痛風、慢性子宮出血、閉經、嬰兒絞痛和眼疾等。在中国，明朝時的《本草綱目》上就記載番紅花具有鎮靜、鎮痛、活血去瘀等功效。但因同時由於有通經、墮胎，促進子宮收縮的作用，所以孕婦不宜使用。對於授乳中的婦女食用安全性上也存有疑慮。古波斯人和埃及人，也會用番紅花來壯陽、解毒、幫助消化，以及治療痢疾和麻疹。


在藏傳佛教裡常看到的藏傳佛教徒以紅花來供養舍利子使舍利子增生，傳統的藏傳佛教徒會把紅花放在八供水里，讓水變成橘紅色，非常漂亮，以此供佛菩薩。除此，也有些 藏傳佛教徒會把藏紅花放進水里，然後以紅花水擦在經文咒語上，然後捲起來，作為佛像或轉經輪或舍利塔入藏等等用途。另外，就是在修持四加行曼達供時，都會 以紅花水拭擦曼達盤的。也有人用紅花水來清洗新的念珠之類的。


在現代醫學上，則有抑癌、抗氧化、免疫調節等性質[7][8][9]。


番紅花一般經口食用時並不會造成危險，但若大量食用會有急性中毒的危險，一次攝取5g以上的量會有嚴重的副作用，致死量大約在12～20g之間。[10]


另外番紅花也能作為紡織品的染料。






  • 一朵番紅花的花，以及它紅色的柱頭







  • 花







  • 柱頭






假冒番紅花


近年来不法商家以以次充好的形式售卖番紅花，或者用纸製和毛发质品染色冒充番紅花[6]。



参考文献



引用





  1. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species. [23 April 2015]. 


  2. ^ Rau 1969，第53页.


  3. ^ 3.03.1 Hill 2004，第272页.


  4. ^ Grigg 1974，第287页.


  5. ^ McGee 2004，第422页.


  6. ^ 6.06.1 央视：如何辨别真假藏红花. 央视. 2015年3月15日 [2015年3月15日]. 


  7. ^ Abdullaev 2002，第1页.


  8. ^ Assimopoulou 2005，第1页.


  9. ^ Chang，Kuo & Wang（1964），第1页.


  10. ^ Stockton, CA : Therapeutic ResearcFile:h Faculty, (2005)　Natural medicines comprehensive database / compiled by the editors of Pharmacist's Letter, Prescriber's Letter ; [Jeff M. Jellin, editor-in-chief] ISBN 0-9676136-2-0




来源


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  • Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Kashmiri saffron producers see red over Iranian imports, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2003 .


  • Abdullaev, FI, Cancer chemopreventive and tumoricidal properties of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Experimental Biology and Medicine, 2002, 227 (1) . PMID 11788779


  • Assimopoulou, AN; Papageorgiou; Sinakos, Radical scavenging activity of Crocus sativus L. extract and its bioactive constituents, Phytotherapy Research, 2005, 19 (11) . PMID 16317646


  • Chang, PY; Kuo; Wang, The pharmacological action of 藏红花 (zà hóng huā—Crocus sativus L.): effect on the uterus and/or estrous cycle, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 1964, 11 .


  • Courtney, P, Tasmania's Saffron Gold, Landline (Australian Broadcasting Corporation), 2002 .


  • Dalby, A, Food in the Ancient World from A to Z, Routledge (UK), 2003, ISBN 0-415-23259-7 .


  • Darling Biomedical Library, Saffron, Darling Biomedical Library (UCLA), 2002 .


  • Davies, NW; Gregory; Menary, Effect of drying temperature and air flow on the production and retention of secondary metabolites in saffron, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry., 2005, 53 (15) . PMID 16028982


  • Deo, B, Growing Saffron—The World's Most Expensive Spice (PDF), Crop & Food Research (New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research), 2003, (20) .


  • Dharmananda, S, Saffron: An Anti-Depressant Herb, Institute for Traditional Medicine, 2005 .


  • DPIWE (Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment), Emerging and Other Fruit and Floriculture: Saffron, Food & Agriculture, 2005 .


  • Ferrence, SC, Therapy with saffron and the Goddess at Thera, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2004, 47 (2) . PMID 15259204


  • Fletcher, N, Charlemagne's Tablecloth: A Piquant History of Feasting, St. Martin's Press, 2005, ISBN 0-312-34068-0 .


  • Fotedar, S, Cultural Heritage of India—Kashmiri Pandit Contribution (PDF), Vitasta (Kashmir Sabha), 1998–1999, XXXII (1) .


  • Goyns, MH, Saffron, Taylor & Francis, 1999, ISBN 90-5702-394-6 .


  • Grigg, DB, The Agricultural Systems of the World, Cambridge University Press, 1974, ISBN 0-521-09843-2 .


  • Harper, D, Saffron, Online Etymology Dictionary, 2001 .


  • Hasegawa, JH; Kurumboor; Nair, Saffron chemoprevention in biology and medicine: a review, Cancer Biotherapy, 1995, 10 (4) . PMID 8590890


  • Hayes, AW, Principles and Methods of Toxicology, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 1-56032-814-2 .


  • Hill, T, The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen, Wiley, 2004, ISBN 0-471-21423-X .


  • Honan, WH, Researchers Rewrite First Chapter for the History of Medicine, The New York Times, 2004 .


  • Humphries, J, The Essential Saffron Companion, Ten Speed Press, 1998, ISBN 1-58008-024-3 .


  • Hussain, A, Saffron Industry in Deep Distress, BBC News, 2005 .


  • Jessie, SW; Krishnakantha, Inhibition of human platelet aggregation and membrane lipid peroxidation by food spice, saffron, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2005, 278 (1–2) . PMID 16180089


  • Katzer, G, Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages, 2010 .


  • Lak, D, Kashmiris Pin Hopes on Saffron, BBC News, 1998 .


  • Lak, D, Gathering Kashmir's Saffron, BBC News, 1998b .


  • Leffingwell, JC, Saffron (PDF), Leffingwell Reports, 2002, 2 (5) .


  • McGann, K, What the Irish Wore: A Few Arguments on the Subject of Saffron, Reconstructing History, 2003 .


  • McGee, H, On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen, Scribner, 2004, ISBN 0-684-80001-2 .


  • Nair, SC; Pannikar; Panikkar, Antitumour activity of saffron (Crocus sativus)., Cancer Letters, 1991, 57 (2) . PMID 2025883


  • Park, JB, Saffron, USDA Phytochemical Database, 2005 .


  • Pearce, F, Returning war-torn farmland to productivity, New Scientist, 2005 .


  • Rau, SR, The Cooking of India, Time Life Education, 1969, ISBN 0-8094-0069-3 


  • Shen-Nong Limited, Qin Dynasty 221–207 B.C., Shen-Nong, 2005 .


  • Tarvand Saffron, What is Saffron?, Tarvand Saffron Company, 2005 .


  • Tarvand Saffron, Grading and Classification, Tarvand Saffron Company, 2005b .


  • Willard, P, Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice, Beacon Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8070-5008-3 .


  • Donovan. Donovan - Mellow Yellow Lyrics. Lyrics Depot. 1967 [2007-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-13）. 


  • 昆明植物研究所. 番红花. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）. 





外部連結






维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：番紅花



  • 番紅花 Fanhonghua 藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) （中文）（英文）


  • 西紅花 Xihonghua 中藥材圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) （中文）（英文）


  • 西紅花 Xi Hong Hua 中藥標本數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) （繁体中文）（英文）




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