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Middle of the road (also known by its acronym MOR) is a commercial radio format and popular music genre.^[1] Music associated with this term is strongly melodic and uses techniques of vocal harmony and light orchestral arrangements. The format was eventually rebranded as soft adult contemporary.

Etymology and usage

According to music academic Norman Abjorensen, "middle of the road" has referred to a commercial radio format more often than a music genre, although "it has been used to describe a broad type of music" of numerous styles, usually characterized by vocal harmony techniques, prominent melodies, and subtle orchestral arrangements. Radio stations that played beautiful music during the 1960s and 1970s were marketed as "MOR radio" in order to differentiate them from related soft adult contemporary and smooth jazz stations.^[2] According to Robert Christgau, often, "sophistication is the cultural imperialism" of MOR,^[3] and soft rock groups like the Association, the 5th Dimension, and Simon & Garfunkel infiltrated the MOR market in the late 1960s.^[4] Writing in Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), Robert Christgau said MOR "applied to radio formats that shun or put stringent tempo and volume restrictions on rock, although 'lite' and 'adult contemporary' are now the preferred evasions."^[5]

Traditional format

The middle of the road music category has traditionally included these genres:

• 
  Easy listening ^[6]
  


• 
  Traditional pop music of the pre-rock & roll era; and, later, revivalist recordings of the style ^[7][8]
  


• Orchestral ballads
  


• Show tunes


• 
  Smooth jazz melodies


• 
  Soft rock songs and melodies


• 
  Countrypolitan ballads

Peak

As an AM radio format in the United States and Canada, MOR's heyday was the 1960s and the 1970s.^[9]
The 50,000-watt AM radio stations WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio; WJR in Detroit, Michigan; WNEW in New York City, New York; WCCO in Minneapolis, Minnesota; KMPC in Los Angeles, California; KIRO and KOMO in Seattle, Washington; WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut; and Canadian stations CFRB in Toronto, Ontario and CKNW in Vancouver, British Columbia, were known as "full-service MOR" stations with scheduled programming other than the MOR music. In that time, as the listener demographic groups aged, popular music emigrated to FM radio, and MOR stations found themselves competing with adult contemporary FM stations and AM stations broadcasting the Music of Your Life and adult standards formats, most eliminated music and transmitted only news and talk programs; some continued to play MOR music until the early 1990s. MOR (or at least formats bearing a strong resemblance to MOR) were still available as late as 2013; the Memories/Unforgettable Favorites network, a nationwide MOR satellite service, was available until 2006. Many of the styles and genres of music that had traditionally been heard on MOR formatted stations are currently heard on adult standards formatted stations. ^[10]

Contemporary format

In recent years, the term "middle of the road" has been used pejoratively by genre-specific music aficionados to describe musicians who avoid "edgy" (innovative) material, and who calibrate their musical appeal to commercial, popular musical taste.^[11] Artists such as Westlife (pop)^[12], Kenny Rogers (country)^[13] and Train (rock)^[14] are considered middle-of-the-road musicians.

Moreover, MOR has been used to pejoratively describe a musical band's creative and commercial progress from the innovative path to the tried-and-true-pop-catalogue path. For example, Pitchfork Media's review of Duran Duran's Rio states: "The band peppered the 80s with a number of hot singles (most of which can be found on the unstoppable side A of Rio) before departing for MOR country."^[15]

See also

• full service radio


• Traditional pop music


• Album-oriented rock (AOR)


• Adult contemporary


• 
  MOR Music TV, a defunct music video channel with a home shopping element that mainly carried MOR artists

References

Further reading

• 
  Engstrom, Erika (2004). "Middle of the Road Format". In Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Radio. Routledge. ISBN 1135456496.