List of ethnic groups in China




Multiple ethnic groups populate China, where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal names, the People's Republic of China (China) and the Republic of China (Taiwan).


The Chinese people refers to the Han 漢 people which is often misunderstood as Han Chinese, are the largest ethnic group, where (as of 2010) some 91.51%[1] of the population was classified as Han (~1.2 billion). Han is the name the Chinese have used for themselves since the Han Dynasty BC 202, whereas the name "Chinese" (used in the West) is of uncertain origin, but possibly derives ultimately from Sanskrit Cina-s "the Chinese," perhaps from the Qin dynasty. Besides the Han-Chinese majority of 92%, 55 other ethnic (minority) groups are categorized in present China, numbering approximately 105 million people (8%), mostly concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south, and southwest but with some in central interior areas.


The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongol (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million), and Dai (1.2 million).[2]




Contents






  • 1 Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China


  • 2 Taiwanese aborigines


  • 3 "Undistinguished" ethnic minority groups


  • 4 Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau


  • 5 Gallery


  • 6 See also


  • 7 References


  • 8 External links





Ethnic groups recognized by the People's Republic of China



Here are the 56 ethnic groups (listed by population) officially recognized by the People's Republic of China (39 in 1954; 54 by 1964; with the addition of the Jino people in 1979).[3]








































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































English Name


Standard Romanization


CodeA


Mandarin Pinyin


Simplified Chinese


2010 National Shares

2010 PopulationB


2000 PopulationB


1990 PopulationB


Year of recognitionC


Han Chinese1
Han HA Hàn Zú 汉族 91.6474% 1,220,844,520 1,139,773,008 1,042,482,187 1954
Zhuang Zhuang ZH Zhuàng Zú 壮族 1.2700% 16,926,381 16,187,163 15,489,630 1954

Hui2
Hui HU Huí Zú 回族 0.7943% 10,586,087 9,828,126 8,602,978 1954
Manchu Man MA Mǎn Zú 满族 0.7794% 10,387,958 10,708,464 9,821,180 1954
Uyghur Uygur UG Wéiwú'ěr Zú 维吾尔族 0.7555% 10,069,346 8,405,416 7,214,431 1954

Miao (includes Hmong)3
Miao MH Miáo Zú 苗族 0.7072% 9,426,007 8,945,538 7,398,035 1954
Yi Yi YI Yí Zú 彝族 0.6538% 8,714,393 7,765,858 6,572,173 1954
Tujia Tujia TJ Tǔjiā Zú 土家族 0.6268% 8,353,912 8,037,014 5,704,223 1964

Tibetan4
Zang ZA Zàng Zú 藏族 0.4713% 6,282,187 5,422,954 4,593,330 1954
Mongol Mongol MG Měnggǔ Zú 蒙古族 0.4488% 5,981,840 5,827,808 4,806,849 1954

Dong5
Dong DO Dòng Zú 侗族 0.2161% 2,879,974 2,962,911 2,514,014 1954
Bouyei Bouyei BY Bùyī Zú 布依族 0.2153% 2,870,034 2,973,217 2,545,059 1954
Yao Yao YA Yáo Zú 瑶族 0.2098% 2,796,003 2,638,878 2,134,013 1954
Bai Bai BA Bái Zú 白族 0.1451% 1,933,510 1,861,895 1,594,827 1954
Korean Chosŏn CS Cháoxiǎn Zú 朝鲜族 0.1374% 1,830,929 1,929,696 1,920,597 1954

Hani6
Hani HN Hāní Zú 哈尼族 0.1246% 1,660,932 1,440,029 1,253,952 1954
Li Li LI Lí Zú 黎族 0.1098% 1,463,064 1,248,022 1,110,900 1954
Kazakh Kazak KZ Hāsàkè Zú 哈萨克族 0.1097% 1,462,588 1,251,023 1,111,718 1954

Dai7
Dai DA Dǎi Zú 傣族 0.0946% 1,261,311 1,159,231 1,025,128 1954
She She SH Shē Zú 畲族 0.0532% 708,651 710,039 630,378 1964
Lisu Lisu LS Lìsù Zú 傈僳族 0.0527% 702,839 635,101 574,856 1954
Dongxiang Dongxiang DX Dōngxiāng Zú 东乡族 0.0466% 621,500 513,826 373,872 1954
Gelao Gelao GL Gēlǎo Zú 仡佬族 0.0413% 550,746 579,744 437,997 1964
Lahu Lahu LH Lāhù Zú 拉祜族 0.0365% 485,966 453,765 411,476 1954
Wa Wa WA Wǎ Zú 佤族 0.0322% 429,709 396,709 351,974 1954
Sui Sui SU Shuǐ Zú 水族 0.0309% 411,847 407,000 345,993 1954

Nakhi8
Naxi NX Nàxī Zú 纳西族 0.0245% 326,295 309,477 278,009 1954
Qiang Qiang QI Qiāng Zú 羌族 0.0232% 309,576 306,476 198,252 1954
Tu Tu TU Tǔ Zú 土族 0.0217% 289,565 241,593 191,624 1954

Mulao9
Mulao ML Mùlǎo Zú 仫佬族 0.0162% 216,257 207,464 159,328 1964
Xibe Xibe XB Xībó Zú 锡伯族 0.0143% 190,481 189,357 172,847 1954
Kyrgyz Kirgiz KG Kē'ěrkèzī Zú 柯尔克孜族 0.0140% 186,708 160,875 141,549 1954

Jingpo10
Jingpo JP Jǐngpō Zú 景颇族 0.0111% 147,828 132,158 119,209 1954
Daur Daur DU Dáwò'ěr Zú 达斡尔族 0.0099% 131,992 132,747 121,357 1964
Salar Salar SL Sālā Zú 撒拉族 0.0098% 130,607 104,521 87,697 1954
Blang Blang BL Bùlǎng Zú 布朗族 0.0090% 119,639 91,891 82,280 1964

Maonan11
Maonan MN Máonán Zú 毛南族 0.0076% 101,192 107,184 71,968 1964

Tajik12
Tajik TA Tǎjíkè Zú 塔吉克族 0.0038% 51,069 41,056 33,538 1954
Pumi Pumi PM Pǔmǐ Zú 普米族 0.0032% 42,861 33,628 29,657 1964
Achang Achang AC Āchāng Zú 阿昌族 0.0030% 39,555 33,954 27,708 1964
Nu Nu NU Nù Zú 怒族 0.0028% 37,523 28,770 27,123 1964
Evenki Ewenki EW Èwēnkè Zú 鄂温克族 0.0023% 30,875 30,545 26,315 1954

Gin13
Gin GI Jīng Zú 京族 0.0021% 28,199 22,584 18,915 1964
Jino Jino JN Jīnuò Zú 基诺族 0.0017% 23,143 20,899 18,021 1979

De'ang14
Deang DE Dé'áng Zú 德昂族 0.0015% 20,556 17,935 15,462 1964
Bonan Bonan BO Bǎo'ān Zú 保安族 0.0015% 20,074 16,505 12,212 1954
Russian Russ RS Éluósī Zú 俄罗斯族 0.0012% 15,393 15,631 13,504 1954
Yugur Yugur YG Yùgù Zú 裕固族 0.0011% 14,378 13,747 12,297 1954
Uzbek Uzbek UZ Wūzībiékè Zú 乌孜别克族 0.0008% 10,569 12,423 14,502 1954
Monba Monba MB Ménbā Zú 门巴族 0.0008% 10,561 8,928 7,475 1964
Oroqen Oroqen OR Èlúnchūn Zú 鄂伦春族 0.0006% 8,659 8,216 6,965 1954
Derung Derung DR Dúlóng Zú 独龙族 0.0005% 6,930 7,431 5,816 1964

Hezhen15
Hezhen HZ Hèzhé Zú 赫哲族 0.0004% 5,354 4,664 4,245 1964

Gaoshan16
Gaoshan GS Gāoshān Zú 高山族 0.0003% 4,009 4,488 2,909 1954
Lhoba Lhoba LB Luòbā Zú 珞巴族 0.0003% 3,682 2,970 2,312 1965
Tatars Tatar TT Tǎtǎ'ěr Zú 塔塔尔族 0.0003% 3,556 4,895 4,873 1954
Undistinguished none Wèi Shìbié Mínzú 未识别民族 0.0480% 640,101 734,438 749,341 -
Naturalized Citizen none Wàiguórén Jiārù Zhōngguójí 外国人加入中国籍 0.0001% 1,448 941 3,421 -

AGB 3304-91 "Names of ethnicities of China in romanization with codes";[4]
BThe population only includes mainland China and Taiwan;
CFor ethnic groups officially recognised in 1964 or earlier, this is the year of first inclusion in the national census, which were in 1954[5] and 1964;[6]
1Also included are the Chuanqing;
2Also includes Utsuls of Hainan, descended from Cham refugees;
3A subset of which is also known as Hmong;
4including Amdowa and Khampa, as well as roughly half of Pumi speakers, the remainder of whom are classified as a separate Pumi ethnicity;
5Also known as Kam;
6Also included are the Sangkong;
7This category includes several different Tai-speaking groups historically referred to as Bai-yi;
8Also included are the Mosuo;
9Also included are the Qago (木佬人);
10Known as Kachin in Myanmar;
11Also included are the Then;
12Actually not Tajik people but Pamiri people;
13The same group as Vietnamese or Kinh people in Sino-Vietnamese;
14Known as Palaung in Myanmar;
15The same group as Nanai on the Russian side of the border;
16A collective name for all Taiwanese aborigine groups in Taiwan.



Taiwanese aborigines



The People's Republic of China government officially refers to all Taiwanese aborigines (Chinese: 原住民族; pinyin: Yuánzhùmínzú), as Gaoshan (Chinese: 高山族; pinyin: Gāoshānzú), whereas the Republic of China (Taiwan) recognizes 16 groups of Taiwanese aborigines. The term Gaoshan has a different connotation in Taiwan than it does in mainland China. While several thousands of these aborigines have migrated to Fujian province in mainland China, most remain in Taiwan.[7] Due to the contested political status and legal status of Taiwan, the PRC classification of Taiwanese aborigines may be controversial.


Taiwanese Han "blood nationalists"[citation needed] have in the past claimed that they have Plains Aboriginal (Chinese: 平埔族; pinyin: Píngpuzú), ancestry in order to promote Taiwan independence, claiming an identity different from that of mainland Chinese. However, genetic tests showed differences between them and plains aborigines, and given that they usually were recent migrants, their claims were rejected by descendants of Taiwanese Plains Aborigines.[8]



"Undistinguished" ethnic minority groups





Part of a poster in Beijing showing the 56 ethnic groups of China


This is a list of ethnic groups in China that are not officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China.




  • Äynu people (艾努人 Àinǔ rén)


  • Gejia (Gě-chinese.svg家人 Gèjiā rén)


  • Bajia (八甲人 Bājiǎ rén)


  • Deng (僜人 Dèng rén)


  • Hu (户人 Hù rén) or Angku


  • Khmu (克木人 Kèmù rén)


  • Kucong (Yellow Lahu / Lahu Shi; 苦聪人 / 苦聰人 Kǔcōng rén)


  • Mang (芒人 Máng rén)


  • Sherpas (夏尔巴人 / 夏爾巴人 Xià'ěrbā rén)


  • Tankas (疍家人 / 蜑家人 Dànjiā rén) including Fuzhou Tanka


  • Tebbu people (迭部人 Diébù rén)


  • Tuvans (图瓦人 Túwǎ rén)


  • Waxiang (瓦乡人 Wǎxiāng rén)


  • Jews (犹太人 / 猶太人 Yóutài rén) (Jewish people of China and Jews in general)


  • Yamatos (大和民族 Dàhé mínzú) and Ryukyuans (琉球民族 Liúqiú mínzú) living as permanent residents in Taiwan and Northeast China[citation needed]


  • Macanese (土生葡人 Tǔshēng pú rén), mixed race Catholic Portuguese speakers who lived in Macau since 16th century of various ethnic origins


  • Utsuls (回辉人 Huíhuī rén), descendants of Cham Muslims who fled Vietnamese invasions of Champa


During the Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000), 734,438 persons in the Chinese mainland, 97% of them in Guizhou, were specifically recorded as belonging to "Undistinguished ethnic groups".[9] Presumably, other members of such groups may have been counted within larger "recognized" groups.



Ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau



Hong Kong and Macau are special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China. The governments of Hong Kong and Macau do not use the official PRC ethnic classification system, nor does the PRC's official classification system take ethnic groups in Hong Kong and Macau into account. As a result, minority groups such as Europeans (mainly English), and South or Southeast Asians (mainly Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) live in Hong Kong.



Gallery




See also




  • Affirmative action in China

  • Demographics of China

  • Demographics of Taiwan

  • Taiwanese people

  • Ethnic minorities in China

  • Han Chinese subgroups

  • Hua–Yi distinction

  • Languages of China

  • List of endangered languages in China

  • Tai–Kadai ethnic groups in China

  • Taiwanese aborigines

  • Unrecognized ethnic groups in China

  • Zhonghua minzu



References





  1. ^ "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data (2011-04-28)". Xinhua News (English). Archived from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2015..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "index". www.stats.gov.cn.


  3. ^ 胡鸿保; 张丽梅 (2009). 民族识别原则的变化与民族人口. Southwest University for Nationalities University Press.


  4. ^ GB 3304-91 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes.


  5. ^ First National Population Census of the People's Republic of China


  6. ^ Second National Population Census of the People's Republic of China


  7. ^ 曹晓轩. "高山族_中国概况_中国政府网". www.gov.cn.


  8. ^ Chen, Shu-Juo (2009). How Han are Taiwanese Han? Genetic inference of Plains Indigenous ancestry among Taiwanese Han and its implications for Taiwan identity (Ph.D.). STANFORD UNIVERSITY. Retrieved 11 October 2013.


  9. ^ 第五次人口普查数据(2000年). 表1—6. 省、自治区、直辖市分性别、民族的人口 ( Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China (2000). Table 1-6: Population of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities by ethnicity). (in Chinese)




External links








  • "Chinese ethnic odyssey" - collection of articles from the People's Daily

  • Family album of Chinese 56 ethnic groups

  • nytimes.com

  • Map share of ethnic by county of China

  • Map share of dominate ethnic by county of China














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