異名

Multi tool use
異名(英語:synonyms)或稱同物異名,在生物分類學上,是表示用來指稱同一分類單元(taxon)的不同命名,此用詞在動物學與植物學上的用法不甚相同。
動物學
在動物命名上,異名是指用來表示同一個分類單元的不同命名,例如兩個指稱同一物種的名稱。在動物命名規則中,首先發表的名稱叫做「首異名」(senior synonym);而其他後發表的則稱作「次異名」(junior synonyms),後者一般是不被採用的名稱。
假如各個異名皆可明確對應同一分類單元,則是一個「客觀的」(objective)異名;例如當它們指稱同一項描述,或同一個模式標本時。其他的異名則是「主觀的」(subjective),因為這些異名還有爭議空間,不同的學者可能對同一個名稱所代表的特徵變異範圍有不同的看法。
植物學
在植物命名上,異名是指一個「可用來指此分類單元的植物學名」,植物的異名並不單獨使用,而是總以「某某的異名」方式出現。在植物學上,異名可以是:
- 「同型的」(homotypic)或稱「命名上的」(nomenclatural):對象是同一個模式標本。例如Pinus abies與Picea abies擁有同樣的模式標本。假如後來確立Picea abies為正確命名,那麼Pinus abies就變成Picea abies的「同型異名」。
- 「異型的」(heterotypic)或稱「分類學上的」(taxonomic):對象是不同的模式標本。例如有些植物學家原本將「蒲公英」分割成多個物種,每一個物種命名時都對應各自的模式標本。假如後來「蒲公英」變成一個可指稱所有這些物種的單一物種Taraxacum officinale時,那麼所有其他物種名稱全部都是Taraxacum officinale的「異型異名」。
比較
意義大致相等的不同用語
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動物學
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植物學
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次異名
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異名
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客觀的異名
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同型的/命名上的異名
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主觀的異名
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異型的/分類學上的異名
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參見
- 同義詞
統合者與分割者(lumpers and splitters)
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