經濟租

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經濟學上,經濟租(英语:Economic rent)最早指從土地(land)獲得的收益,後被擴大為所有因為獨佔權力而獲得的收入。生產過程中要付出的生產投入成本,高於某個供给的价格弹性下本來應該付出的價格(也就是機會成本),這中間的差額就是經濟租。經濟租的出現,會帶來尋租行為。
在完全競爭市場中,不存在經濟租。經濟租與尋租的出現代表市場失靈。
概論
經濟租的理論,最早起源於地租(Rent),由行使土地所有權,進行租賃或買賣而獲得的收入。在傳統政治經濟學中,地主得到租金收入,並不是因為地主在生產過程中貢獻出任何力量,而是單純因為他擁有土地的獨佔權力。這與工資不同,勞工得到工資,是為了補償他在貢獻勞力時所需付出的成本。後來,租金被用來指任何因為控制獨占或寡占力量而得到的收入或利潤。例如,某個企業得到政府特許可以進口某種商品,因此得到的利潤,就是一種租金(Rent)。另一個例子是,企業利用政治遊說、賄賂、以及組成了解法律漏洞的律師團,使得政府對企業提供優惠或疏困,以提升企業獲利,這也是一種經濟租。
另一個造成經濟租的原因是資訊不對稱或不完全造成的。
在經濟學上,經濟租對生產過程及生產結果,不會帶來任何改善,它只是單純的財富轉移,加上無謂損失。經濟租妨礙了市場競爭,形成市場失靈。造成經濟租的主要力量就是政府,也就是政府失靈。因此政府的主要職責,就是使經濟租減少或消失,或是控制它的成長。
政府可以針對經濟租課稅,因為對經濟租徵稅,不會造成資源配置的扭曲。以土地為例,對地租徵稅,不會使土地的供給減少。徵稅的另一個好處是,可以減少尋租行為,改進經濟效率。
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