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In Greek mythology, Antiope (/ænˈtaɪ.əpi/; Ancient Greek: Ἀντιόπη derived from αντι anti "against, compared to, like" and οψ ops "voice") was an Amazon, daughter of Ares and sister to Melanippe, Hippolyta, Penthesilea and possibly Orithyia, queens of the Amazons.^[1] She may have been the wife of Theseus and mother to his son Hippolytus, but differing sources claim this was Hippolyta.^[2]

Mythology

There are various accounts of the manner in which Theseus became possessed of her, and of her subsequent fortunes.

In one version, during Heracles' ninth labor, which was to obtain the Girdle of Hippolyta, when he captured the Amazons' capital of Themiscyra, his companion Theseus, king of Athens, abducted Antiope and brought her to his home^[3][4] (or she was captured by Heracles and then given by him to Theseus^[5]). According to Pausanias,^[6] Antiope fell in love with Theseus and betrayed the Amazons of her own free will. They were eventually married and she gave birth to a son, Hippolytus, who was named after Antiope's sister. Soon after, the Amazons attacked Athens in an attempt to rescue Antiope and to take back Hippolyta's girdle; however, in a battle near the hill of Ares they were defeated. During this conflict, known as the Attic War, Antiope was accidentally shot dead by an Amazon named Molpadia, who, in her turn, was then killed by Theseus.^[7] Tombs of both Antiope and Molpadia were shown in Athens.^[6]

According to some sources, the cause for the Amazons' attack on Athens was the fact that Theseus had abandoned Antiope and planned to marry Phaedra. Antiope was furious about this and decided to attack them on their wedding day. She promised to kill every person in attendance; however, she was slain instead by Theseus himself, fulfilling an oracle's prophecy to that effect.^[8]Ovid mentions that Theseus killed Antiope despite the fact that she was pregnant.^[9]

An alternate version of the myth relates all of the facts concerning Antiope (abduction by Theseus, their marriage, birth of Hippolytus, her being left behind in favour of Phaedra) not of her, but of Hippolyte.^[10][11][12] In various accounts of this version, the subsequent attack on Athens either does not occur at all or is led by Orithyia.^[13]

Cultural depictions

• 
  Evangeline Walton's 1983 historical fiction novel The Sword is Forged chronicles the story of Antiope and Theseus.^[14]
  


• The DC Comics character Antiope, introduced in 1984, is the aunt of Wonder Woman and sister of Queen Hippolyta of the Amazons.^[15] She is portrayed by Robin Wright in the 2017 film Wonder Woman.^[16]
  


• In Giovanni Boccaccio's Famous Women,^[17] a chapter is dedicated to Antiope and Orithyia.


• In Bungie’s 2017 game Destiny 2, there is a gun named Antiope-D.

See also

• Attic War


• Hercules and the Amazon Women


• Hippolyta


• Molpadia


• Otrera


• Penthesilea

References

Sources

• Watson, John Selby. Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius: Literally Translated, pp. 21–22, 547; Published 1853 H. G. Bohn, (Original in the New York Public Library).


• Williams, Henry Smith. The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise, v.2, pp. 440–441; Published 1904 The Outlook Company, New York Public Library.


• Justinus. Epitoma Historiarum philippicarum Pompei Trogi, II.4.17-30.


• 
  Orosius. Historiae adversus paganos, I.15.7-9.