Selene
| Selene | |
|---|---|
Goddess of the Moon | |
 Detail of Selene from a Roman sarcophagus | |
| Abode | Sky |
| Symbol | Crescent, chariot, torch, billowing cloak, bull |
| Personal information | |
| Consort | Endymion |
| Children | Fifty daughters to Endymion; Pandia and Ersa to Zeus |
| Parents | Hyperion and Theia |
| Siblings | Helios and Eos |
| Roman equivalent | Luna |
In Greek mythology, Selene (/sɪˈliːni/; Ancient Greek: Σελήνη [selɛ̌ːnɛː] "Moon") is the goddess of the moon. She is the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia, and sister of the sun-god Helios, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. She drives her moon chariot across the heavens. Several lovers are attributed to her in various myths, including Zeus, Pan, and the mortal Endymion. In classical times, Selene was often identified with Artemis, much as her brother, Helios, was identified with Apollo.[1] Selene and Artemis were also associated with Hecate, and all three were regarded as lunar goddesses, but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the moon itself. Her Roman equivalent is Luna.[2]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Origin
3 Lovers and offspring
3.1 Lovers
3.2 Offspring
4 Moon chariot
5 Descriptions
6 Iconography
7 Cult
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Etymology
Detail of a sarcophagus depicting Endymion and Selene, shown with her characteristic attributes of lunate crown and billowing veil (velificatio)[3]
The etymology of Selene is uncertain, but if the name is of Greek origin, it is likely connected to the word selas (σέλας), meaning "light".[4]
Just as Helios, from his identification with Apollo, is called Phoebus ("bright"), Selene, from her identification with Artemis, is also commonly referred to by the epithet Phoebe (feminine form).[5] The original Phoebe of Greek mythology is Selene's aunt, the Titaness mother of Leto and Asteria, and grandmother of Apollo, Artemis, and Hecate. Also from Artemis, Selene was sometimes called "Cynthia".[6]
Selene was also called Mene.[7] The word men (feminine mene), meant the moon, and the lunar month. It was also the name of the Phrygian moon-god Men.[8]
Origin
The usual account of Selene's origin is given by Hesiod. In the Theogony, the sun-god Hyperion espoused his sister Theia, who gave birth to "great Helios and clear Selene and Eos who shines upon all that are on earth and upon the deathless Gods who live in the wide heaven."[9] The Homeric Hymn to Helios follows this tradition: "Hyperion wedded glorious Euryphaëssa, his own sister, who bare him lovely children, rosy-armed Eos and rich-tressed Selene and tireless Helios."[10] Here Euryphaëssa ("wide-shining") is probably an epithet of Theia.[11]
Other accounts make Selene the daughter of Pallas, the son of Megamedes (possibly identified with Titan Pallas)[12] or of Helios.[13]
Lovers and offspring
Lovers
Selene and Endymion, by Sebastiano Ricci (1713), Chiswick House, England
Selene is best known for her affair with the beautiful mortal Endymion.[14]
The late 7th-century – early 6th-century BC poet Sappho apparently mentioned Selene and Endymion.[15]
However, the first direct account comes from the third-century BC Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes, which tells of Selene's "mad passion" and her visiting the "fair Endymion" in a cave on Mount Latmus:[16]
.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}
And the Titanian goddess, the moon, rising from a far land, beheld her [Medea] as she fled distraught, and fiercely exulted over her, and thus spake to her own heart: 'Not I alone then stray to the Latmian cave, nor do I alone burn with love for fair Endymion; oft times with thoughts of love have I been driven away by thy crafty spells, in order that in the darkness of night thou mightest work thy sorcery at ease, even the deeds dear to thee. And now thou thyself too hast part in a like mad passion; and some god of affliction has given thee Jason to be thy grievous woe. Well, go on, and steel thy heart, wise though thou be, to take up thy burden of pain, fraught with many sighs.
Quintus Smyrnaeus' The Fall of Troy tells that, while Endymion slept in his cave beside his cattle, "Selene watched him from on high, and slid from heaven to earth; for passionate love drew down the immortal stainless Queen of Night."[17] The eternally sleeping Endymion was proverbial,[18] but exactly how this eternal sleep came about and what role, if any, Selene may have had in it is unclear.
According to the Catalogue of Women, Endymion was the son of Aethlius (a son of Zeus), and Zeus granted him the right to choose when he would die.[19]
A scholiast on Apollonius says that, according to Epimenides, Endymion, having fallen in love with Hera, asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep.[20]
However, Apollodorus says that because of Endymion's "surpassing beauty, the Moon fell in love with him, and Zeus allowed him to choose what he would, and he chose to sleep for ever, remaining deathless and ageless".[21]
Cicero seems to make Selene responsible for Endymion's sleep, so that "she might kiss him while sleeping".[22]
From Pausanias we hear that Selene was supposed to have had by Endymion fifty daughters, who possibly represented the fifty lunar months of the Olympiad.[23]
Nonnus has Selene and Endymion as the parents of the beautiful Narcissus, but in other accounts, including Ovid's Metamorphoses, Narcissus was the son of Cephissus and Liriope.[24]
Offspring
According to the Homeric Hymn to Selene, the goddess bore Zeus a daughter, Pandia ("all-brightness"),[25] "exceeding lovely amongst the deathless gods".[26] The 7th century BC Greek poet Alcman makes Ersa ("dew") the daughter of Selene and Zeus.[27] Selene and Zeus were also supposed by some to be the parents of Nemea, the eponymous nymph of Nemea, where Heracles slew the Nemean Lion, and where the Nemean Games were held.[28] Some accounts also make Selene and Zeus the parents of Dionysus, but this may be the result of confusing Semele, the usual mother of Dionysus, with Selene because of the similarity of their names.[29]
Whereas for Hesiod, the Nemean Lion was born to Echidna and raised by Hera,[30] other accounts have Selene involved in some way in its birth or rearing. Aelian, On Animals 12.7, states: "They say that the Lion of Nemea fell from the moon", and quotes Epimenides as saying: "For I am sprung from fair-tressed Selene the Moon, who in a fearful shudder shook off the savage lion in Nemea, and brought him forth at the bidding of Queen Hera."[31]
Quintus Smyrnaeus makes Helios and Selene (the Sun and Moon) the parents of the Horae, goddesses of the seasons.[32] Smyrnaeus describes them as the four handmaidens of Hera, but in most accounts their number is three, and their parents are Zeus and Themis.
According to Virgil, Selene also had a tryst with the great god Pan, who seduced her with a "snowy bribe of wool".[33] Scholia on Virgil add that the god wrapped himself in a sheepskin.[34]
Selene was also said to be the mother of the legendary Greek poet Musaeus.[35]
Moon chariot
Statue of Selene, shown wearing the crescent on her forehead and holding a torch in her right hand, while her veil billows over her head
Like her brother Helios, the Sun god, who drives his sun chariot across the sky each day, Selene is also said to drive a chariot across the heavens.[36] The Hymn to Selene, provides a description:
The air, unlit before, glows with the light of her golden crown, and her rays beam clear, whensoever bright Selene having bathed her lovely body in the waters of Ocean, and donned her far-gleaming raiment, and yoked her strong-necked, shining team, drives on her long-maned horses at full speed, at eventime in the mid-month: then her great orbit is full and then her beams shine brightest as she increases. So she is a sure token and a sign to mortal men.[37]
The earliest known depiction of Selene driving a chariot is inside an early 5th century BC red-figure cup attributed to the Brygos Painter, showing Selene plunging her chariot, drawn by two winged horses, into the sea.[38] Though the moon chariot is often described as being silver,[39] for Pindar it was golden.[40] While the sun chariot has four horses, Selene's usually has two,[41] described as "snow-white" by Ovid.[42] In some cases the chariot was drawn by oxen or bulls.[43]
Descriptions
Surviving descriptions of Selene's physical appearance and character, apart from those which would apply to the moon itself, are scant. Three early sources mention Selene's hair. Both the Hymn to Helios and the Hymn to Selene use the word εὐπλόκαμος, variously translated as "rich", "bright", or "beautiful haired", and Epimenides uses the epithet "lovely-haired".[44] The Hymn to Selene describes the goddess as very beautiful, with long wings and a golden diadem, calling her "white-armed" and "benevolent".[45]Aeschylus calls Selene "the eye of night".[46] The Orphic Hymns give Selene horns and a torch, describing her as "all-seeing", "all-wise", a lover of horses and of vigilance, and a "foe of strife" who "giv'st to Nature's works their destin'd end".[47]
Iconography
Selene riding horseback, detail from the Pergamon Altar
In antiquity, artistic representations of Selene included sculptural reliefs, vase paintings, coins, and gems.[48] In red-figure pottery before the early 5th century BC, she is depicted only as a bust, or in profile against a lunar disk.[49] In later art, like other celestial divinities such as Helios, Eos, and Nyx ("night"), Selene rides across the heavens. She is usually portrayed either driving a chariot or riding sidesaddle on horseback[50] (sometimes riding an ox, a mule or a ram).[51]
Paired with her brother Helios, Selene adorned the east pediment of the Parthenon, where the two framed a scene depicting the birth of Athena, with Helios driving his chariot rising from the ocean on the left, and Selene and her chariot descending into the sea on the right.[52] From Pausanias, we learn that Selene and Helios also framed the birth of Aphrodite on the base of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia.[53] There are indications of a similar framing by Selene and Helios of the birth of Pandora on the base of the Athena Parthenos.[54] Selene also appears on horseback as part of the Gigantomachy frieze of the Pergamon Altar.[55]
Selene is commonly depicted with a crescent moon, often accompanied by stars; sometimes, instead of a crescent, a lunar disc is used.[56] Often a crescent moon rests on her brow, or the cusps of a crescent moon protrude, horn-like, from her head, or from behind her head or shoulders.[57] Selene's head is sometimes surrounded by a nimbus, and from the Hellenistic period onwards, she is sometimes pictured with a torch.[58]
In later second and third century AD Roman funerary art, the love of Selene for Endymion and his eternal sleep was a popular subject for artists.[59] As frequently depicted on Roman sarcophagi, Selene, holding a billowing veil forming a crescent over her head, descends from her chariot to join her lover, who slumbers at her feet.[60]
In post-Renaissance art, Selene is generally depicted as a beautiful woman with a pale face and long, lustrous black hair, driving a silver chariot pulled either by a yoke of oxen or a pair of horses.[citation needed]
Cult
Selene from an altar piece
Moon figures are found on Cretan rings and gems (perhaps indicating a Minoan moon cult), but apart from the role played by the moon itself in magic, folklore, and poetry, and despite the later worship of the Phrygian moon-god Men, there was relatively little worship of Selene.[61] An oracular sanctuary existed near Thalamai in Laconia. Described by Pausanias, it contained statues of Pasiphaë and Helios. Here Pasiphaë is used as an epithet of Selene, instead of referring to the daughter of Helios and wife of Minos.[62] Pausanias also described seeing two stone images in the market-place of Elis, one of the sun and the other of the moon, from the heads of which projected the rays of the sun and the horns of the crescent moon.[63]
Originally Pandia may have been an epithet of Selene,[64] but by at least the time of the late Homeric Hymn, Pandia had become a daughter of Zeus and Selene. Pandia (or Pandia Selene) may have personified the full moon,[65] and an Athenian festival, called the Pandia, usually considered to be a festival for Zeus,[66] was perhaps celebrated on the full-moon and may have been associated with Selene.[67]
See also
- Selenium
Notes
^ Hard, p. 46; Hammond, "SELENE", pp. 970–971; Morford, pp. 64, 219–220; Smith, "Selene".
^ Smith, "Selene"; Kerenyi, pp. 196–197; Hammond, "SELENE" pp. 970–971; Hard, p. 46; Morford, pp. 64, 219–221.
^ Stefania Sorrenti, "Les représentations figurées de Jupiter Dolichénien à Rome," in La terra sigillata tardo-italica decorata del Museo nazionale romano, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 1999), p. 370.
^ Kerenyi, pp. 196–197.
^ Morford, p. 64; Smith, "Selene"
^ Pannen, p. 96. For example see Ovid, Heroides 15.89 ff..
^ Smith, "Selene".
^ Kerenyi, pp. 196–197; Hammond, "SELENE" pp. 970–971.
^ Hesiod, Theogony 371–374. See also Apollodorus 1.2.2, Hyginus, Fabulae Preface.
^ Hymn to Helios (31) 4–7.
^ Morford, p. 61; West 2003, note 61 p. 215.
^ Hard, p. 46; Vergados, p. 313; Hymn to Hermes (4), 99–100.
^ Euripides, The Phoenician Women 175 ff.; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44.191.
^ Catullus, Carmina 66.5; Hyginus, Fabulae 271; Strabo, 14.1.8; Propertius, Elegies 2.15; Ovid, Heroides 15.89 ff., 18.59 ff.; Seneca, Phaedra 309 ff., 422 ff., 786 ff.; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 8.28 ff.; Lucian Aphrodite and Selene; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.325 ff., 4.195 ff., 4.213 ff., 5.516 ff., 7.237 ff., 13.553 ff., 41.379 ff., 42.266 ff., 48.582 ff., 48.667 ff..
^ This is according to a scholiast on Apollonius of Rhodes 4.57, see Campbell, p. 197; Weigal, p. 281
^ Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 4.54 ff..
^ Quintus Smyrnaeus, 10.125 ff. pp. 428–429.
^ Frazer's note to Apollodorus, 1.7.5; Plato, Phaedo, 72c; Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 10.8.7; Theocritus, 3.50; Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.38.92, p.50.
^ Catalogue of Women, fragment 10, lines 58–62, Most, p. 57.
^ Gantz, p. 35. The same scholiast gives another story involving Endymion's love for Hera, this time attributed to the Great Ehoiai, saying that "Endymion was carried up by Zeus to heaven, but that he was seized by desire for Hera and was deceived by the phantom of a cloud, and that because of this desire he was thrown out and went down to Hades", see Most, fragment 198, p. 275.
^ Apollodorus, 1.7.5.
^ Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 1.38.92, p.50. See also Ovid, Amores, 1.13: "See how the moon does her Endymion keep / In night conceal'd, and drown'd in dewy sleep." Gantz, p. 34, discussing Selene's role, says that "no source claims that the sleep was her idea, and likely enough (given its role in some quarters as a punishment, and his love for Hera), she was not always a part of the story."
^ Pausanias, 5.1.4; Mayerson p. 167; Davidson, pp. 204–205; Seyffert, "Endymion" p. 213; Cashford, p. 137. There are other accounts of fifty daughters in Greek mythology, the Nereids were fifty sea nymphs born to Nereus and Doris (Hesiod, Theogony 240–264), and Thespius had fifty daughters, each of whom bore a son to Heracles (Apollodorus,
2.4.10, 2.7.8).
^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 48.581 ff.; Ovid, Metamorphoses 3.342.
^ Fairbanks, p. 162.
^ Hymn to Selene (32) 15–16; Allen, [15] "ΠανδείηΝ", says that Pandia was "elsewhere unknown as a daughter of Selene", but see Hyginus, Fabulae Preface, Philodemus, De pietate P.Herc. 243 Fragment 6 (Obbink, p. 353). West 2003, p. 19 describes Pandia as an "obscure figure [who] featured in an Attic genealogy: she was the wife of Antiochos, the eponymous hero of the Antiochid phylē." Cook p. 732 says that it seems probable that, instead of being her daughter, "Pandia was originally an epithet of Selene". Either Selene or her daughter may have been connected to the Athenian festival Pandia.
^ Alcman, fragments 48, 49 (Edmonds, pp. 84–85); Cook p. 732. Hard, p. 46: "this is really no more than an allegorical fancy referring to the heavy dew-fall associated with clear moonlit nights".
^ Cook, p. 456; Smith, "Selene"; Graves, 123 c., Vol. 2, pp. 104–105; Pausanias, 2.15.3 has Asopus as the father of Nemea.
^ Cook, p. 457 note. 5. Cook p. 733, calls the confusion "frequent".
^ Hesiod, Theogony 327
^ Cook, pp. 456–457; Burkert 1972, p. 346 n. 48; Gantz, p. 25; West 1983, pp. 47–48; Hard, p. 256. Compare with Pseudo-Plutarch, On Rivers 18.4 (PDF), which has the Nemean Lion created from a chest filled with foam, see also Anaxagoras, fragment A77 (Scholium on Apollonius of Rhodes 1.498) pp. 111–112; Hyginus, Fabulae 30; Seneca, Hercules Furens 83 ff.
^ Hammond, "SELENE", pp. 970–971; Quintus Smyrnaeus, 10.336 ff. pp. 442–443.
^ Virgil, Georgics 3.3.391–93,
^ Gantz, p. 36; Kerenyi, p. 175, 196; Grimal, "Selene", p. 415.
^ Plato, Republic 2.364e; Obbink, p. 353; Burkert 1972, p. 346 n. 48.
^ Pindar, Olympian 3.19–20; Euripides, The Suppliant Women, 990–991; Theocritus, Idyll 2.163 ff.; Ovid, Fasti 4.373–374, 3.109–110, Metamorphoses 2. 208 ff; Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 5.408 ff.; Statius, Thebaid 1. 336 ff.
^ Hymn to Selene (32) 5–14.
^ Cohen, pp. 156–157, 177–179. For Selene driving another pair of winged horses see Zschietzschmann, p. XII, p. 23.
^ Grimal, "Selene" p. 415; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 44.191.
^ Pindar, Olympian 3.19–20. For the use of "golden" in reference to the moon, see: Allen, [6] "χρυσέου".
^ Kerenyi, p. 196; Morford, p. 63. For an example of Selene driving the less usual four horses see Morford, p. 353.
^ Ovid, Fasti 4.373–374.
^ Hammond, "SELENE", pp. 970–971; Nonnus, Dionysiaca 7.244, 11.185 ff., 1.214 ff., 2.405 ff.. For an image of Selene driving cattle, see LIMC Selene, Luna 61.
^ Evelyn-White, Hymn to Helios (31) 6, Hymn to Selene, (32) 18; Rudin, pp. 94–95; Morford, p. 64; Aelian, On Animals, 12.7.
^ "Winged": Hymn to Selene, (32) 1 (a winged Selene seems to be unique to this Hymn, see Allen, [1] "τανυσίπτερον"); "White-armed": Hymn to Selene, (32) 17; "Benevolent": Allen, [18] "Πρόφρον".
^ Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 390.
^ Orphic Hymns 8.
^ For an example of Selene depicted on a coin see British Museum, R.7248; for an example of a gem see the British Museum 1923,0401.199.
^ Cohen, p. 157.
^ Hard, p. 46; Savignoni, p. 271; Walters, p. 79; Murray (1892) p. 272.
^ Hard, p. 46; Hammond, "SELENE", pp. 970–971; Murray (1903) p. 47. Hansen, p. 221 shows two images one captioned "Selene riding a mule", the other "Selene riding a ram". Cf. Pausanias, 5.11.8;.
^ Neils, pp. 236–237; Palagia, p. 22. This is the usual interpretation, but some have suggested that instead of Selene, the goddess on the right could be Nyx or Eos, e.g. see Robertson, Martin 1981, p. 96. The same pair also appear on the North Metopes of the Parthenon, with Selene this time entering the sea on horseback, see Hurwit, p. 170.
^ Robertson, Martin 1981, p. 96, Pausanias, 5.11.8.
^ Morris, p. 87. For another example of the framing of a scene, in this case the Judgement of Paris, see Robertson, Martin 1992, p. 255.
^ Thomas, p.17; Mitchell, p. 92.
^ Savignoni, pp. 270–271; Cohen, pp. 178–179; LIMC Selene, Luna 35; Zschietzschmann, p. 23.
^ British Museum 1923,0401.199; LIMC Selene, Luna 21; LIMC Selene, Luna 4; LIMC Mithras 113; LIMC Selene, Luna 15; LIMC Selene, Luna 34; LIMC Selene, Luna 2; LIMC Selene, Luna 7; LIMC Selene, Luna 9; LIMC Selene, Luna 10; LIMC Selene, Luna 19. For the close association between the crescent moon and horns see Cashford.
^ Parisinou, p. 34.
^ Sorabella, p. 70; Morford, p. 65.
^ Examples, among many others, include sarcophagi in the Capitoline Museum in Rome (c. 135 AD ), two in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (c. 160 AD and c. 220 AD), and one in Palazzo Doria Pamphilj Rome (c. 310 AD), for images see Sorabella, figs. 1–7, 12.
^ Hammond, "SELENE" pp. 970–971; Burkert 1991, p. 176
^ Plutarch, Agis 9; Pausanias, 3.26.1.
^ Pausanias, 6.24.6.
^ Willetts, p. 178; Cook, p. 732; Roscher, p. 100; Scholiast on Demosthenes, 21.39a.
^ Cox, p. 138; Casford p. 174.
^ Parker 2005, p. 447.
^ Robertson, Noel 1996, p. 75 note 109; Willets, pp. 178–179; Cook, 732; Harpers, "Selene"; Smith, "Pandia"; Lexica Segueriana s.v. Πάνδια (Bekker, p. 292); Photius, Lexicon s.v. Πάνδια.
References
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
- Aelian, Aelian: On the Characteristics of Animals, Volume III, Books 12–17; Translation by A. F. Scholfield; Loeb Classical Library (January 1, 1959) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 978-0674994942. - Allen, Thomas W., E. E. Sikes. The Homeric Hymns, edited, with preface, apparatus criticus, notes, and appendices. London. Macmillan. 1904.
Anaxagoras, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae: Fragments and Testimonia : a Text and Translation with Notes and Essays, ed. Patricia Curd, University of Toronto Press, 2007.
ISBN 9780802093257.
Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.
Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica; with an English translation by R. C. Seaton. William Heinemann, 1912.
Aristotle, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, Vol. 19, translated by H. Rackham. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1934.
Bekker, Immanuel, Anecdota Graeca: Lexica Segueriana, Apud G.C. Nauckium, 1814.
Burkert, Walter (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674539181.
Burkert, Walter (1991). Greek Religion. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631156246.
Campbell, D.A. (1982), Greek Greek Lyric Poetry: Volume I. Sappho and Alcaeus, Loeb Classical Library, no. 142, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 9780674991576.- Cashford, Jules, The Moon: Myth and Image, Basic Books, 2003.
ISBN 9781568582658.
Catullus. The Carmina of Gaius Valerius Catullus. Leonard C. Smithers. London. Smithers. 1894.
Cicero, Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, translated by C. D. Yonge; Harpers & Brothers, publishers, 1888.- Cohen, Beth, "Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting", in The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases, Getty Publications, 2006,
ISBN 9780892369423.
Cook, Arthur Bernard, Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, Volume I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge University Press 1914. Online version at openlibrary.org
- Corelis, Jon, Roman Erotic Elegy: Selections from Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid, and Sulpicia, translated, with an Introduction, Notes, and Glossary, Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik, Universität Salzburg, 1995.
ISBN 3705204246. - Cox, George W. The Mythology of the Aryan Nations Part Two, Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
ISBN 9780766189409. - Davidson, James, "Time and Greek Religion", in A Companion to Greek Religion, edited by Daniel Ogden, John Wiley & Sons, 2010,
ISBN 9781444334173. - Edmonds, John Maxwell, Lyra Graeca, W. Heinemann, 1922.
Euripides, The Complete Greek Drama', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 2. The Phoenissae, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938.- Evelyn-White, Hugh, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. Homeric Hymns. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.
- Fairbanks, Arthur, The Mythology of Greece and Rome. D. Appleton–Century Company, New York, 1907.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes:
ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1),
ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2). - Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996,
ISBN 9780631201021.
Hammond, N.G.L. and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), The Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1992.
ISBN 0-19-869117-3.- Hansen, William F., Handbook of classical mythology, ABC-CLIO, 2004.
ISBN 9781576072264. - Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004,
ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914.- Hurwit, Jeffery M., "The" Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present, CUP Archive, 1999.
ISBN 9780521417860.
Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.- Pannen, Imke, When the Bad Bleeds: Mantic Elements in English Renaissance Revenge Tragedy Volume 3 of Representations & Reflections; V&R unipress GmbH, 2010.
ISBN 9783899716405
Kerenyi, Karl (1951). The Gods of the Greeks. Thames & Hudson.
Lucian, The Works of Lucian of Samosata. Translated by Fowler, H W and F G. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1905.- Mayerson, Philip, Classical Mythology in Literature, Art, and Music, Focus publishing, R. Pullins Company, 2001.
ISBN 9781585100361. - Mitchell, Lucy M., "Sculptures of the Great Pergamon Altar" in The Century Magazine, 1883.
- Morris, Ian, Classical Greece: Ancient Histories and Modern Archaeologies, Cambridge University Press, 1994.
ISBN 9780521456784. - Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007.
ISBN 978-0-19-530805-1.
Most, G.W. (2007), Hesiod: The Shield, Catalogue, Other Fragments, Loeb Classical Library, no. 503, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 978-0-674-99623-6
- Murray, Alexander Stuart, Handbook of Greek Archæology, John Murray, 1892.
- Murray, Alexander Stuart, The Sculptures of the Parthenon, John Murray, 1903.
- Neils, The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
ISBN 9780521820936.
Nonnus, Dionysiaca; translated by Rouse, W H D. Loeb Classical Library Volumes 344, 354, 356. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1940.- Obbink, Dirk, "56. Orphism, Cosmogony, and Gealogy (Mus. fr. 14)" in Tracing Orpheus: Studies of Orphic Fragments, edited by Miguel Herrero de Jáuregui, Walter de Gruyter, 2011.
ISBN 9783110260533.
Ovid, Amores in Ovid's Art of Love (in three Books), the Remedy of Love, the Art of Beauty, the Court of Love, the History of Love, and Amours. Anne Mahoney. edited for Perseus. New York. Calvin Blanchard. 1855.
- Ovid, Fasti, translated by Frazer, James George. Loeb Classical Library Volume. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1931.
- Ovid, Heroides, in The Epistles of Ovid, London. J. Nunn, Great-Queen-Street; R. Priestly, 143, High-Holborn; R. Lea, Greek-Street, Soho; and J. Rodwell, New-Bond-Street. 1813.
- Ovid, Metamorphoses, Brookes More. Boston. Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922.
- Palagia, Olga, The Pediments of the Parthenon, BRILL, 1998.
ISBN 9789004111981. - Pannen, Imke, When the Bad Bleeds: Mantic Elements in English Renaissance Revenge Tragedy Volume 3 of Representations & Reflections; V&R unipress GmbH, 2010.
ISBN 9783899716405
- Parisinou, Eva, "Brightness personified: light and devine image in ancient Greece" in Personification In The Greek World: From Antiquity To Byzantium, editors Emma Stafford, Judith Herrin, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005.
ISBN 9780754650317. - Parker, Robert, Polytheism and Society at Athens, Oxford University Press, 2005.
ISBN 978-0-19-927483-3.
Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Plato, Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 1 translated by Harold North Fowler; Introduction by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1966
Quintus Smyrnaeus, The Fall of Troy, translated by Arthur Sanders Way, W. Heinemann, 1913
Strabo, Geography, Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Robertson, Martin (1981), A Shorter History of Greek Art, Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 9780521280846. - Robertson, Martin (1992), The Art of Vase-Painting in Classical Athens, Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 9780521338813. - Robertson, Noel (1996), "Athena's Shrines and Festivals" in Worshipping Athena: Panathenaia and Parthenon, The University of Wisconsin Press.
ISBN 9780299151140. - Roscher, Wilhelm Heinrich, Über Selene und Verwandtes, B.G. Teubner, Leipzig 1890.
- Rudin, Sarah, Homeric Hymns, translated by Sarah Rudin, Hackett Publishing Company (September 30, 2005)
ISBN 978-0872207257. - Savignoni L. 1899. "On Representations of Helios and of Selene." The Journal of Hellenic Studies 19: pp. 265–272
- Seyffert, Oskar, A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art, from the German of Dr. Oskar Seyffert, S. Sonnenschein, 1901.
Seneca, Tragedies, translated by Miller, Frank Justus. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917.
Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873).- Sorabella, Jean, "A Roman Sarcophagus and Its Patron." Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 36 (2001). PDF
Statius, Thebaid. Translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.
- Taylor, Thomas, The Hymns of Orpheus, Philosophical Research Society; Limited edition (June 1987).
ISBN 978-0893144159.
Theocritus, The Greek Bucolic Poets. Translated by Edmonds, J M. Loeb Classical Library Volume 28. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 1912.- Thomas, Edmund. "From the panteon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome" in Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004.
ISBN 9780754608080.
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica. Translated by Mozley, J H. Loeb Classical Library Volume 286. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928.- Vergados, Athanassios, The "Homeric Hymn to Hermes": Introduction, Text and Commentary, Walter de Gruyter, 2012.
ISBN 9783110259704.
Virgil, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Virgil. J.B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900- Walters, Henry Beauchamp, Samuel Birch, History of Ancient Pottery: Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, Volume 2, John Murray, 1905.
- Weigal, Arthur, Sappho of Lesbos: Her Life and Times, Taylor & Francis, 1932.
West, Martin L. (1983), The Orphic Poems, Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0198148542
West, Martin L. (2003), Homeric Hymns, Homeric Apocrypha, Lives of Homer, Loeb Classical Library, no. 496, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 978-0-674-99606-9
- Willetts, R. F., Cretan Cults and Festivals, Greenwood Press, 1980.
ISBN 9780313220500. - Zschietzschmann, W, Hellas and Rome: The Classical World in Pictures, Kessinger Publishing, 2006.
ISBN 9781428655447.
External links
 | Look up Selene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
| Look up selene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selene. |
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selēnē". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 601.
Theoi.com: Selene Passages from Greek and Roman texts, in translation
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selēnē". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 601.Authority control  |
|
|---|
