李最應

Multi tool use
李最應(이최응,1815年-1882年)是朝鮮王朝時代的王族,興宣大院君(흥선대원군)李昰應的兄長。字良伯(양백),號山響(산향),獲封興寅君(흥인군)。李最應年輕時,因為安东金氏、丰壤赵氏等外戚勢力把持朝政,作為王室旁系宗親,他的家族境遇不好。兴寅君於是賣菜營生,相當擅長和贱民談生意;不過李最應才智平庸,不擅學習。而他的弟弟兴宣大院君也成天和张淳奎、千喜然等下層文人廝混,兩兄弟於是輕視彼此。[1]1842年以冬至兼謝恩正使,与副使李圭枋、書狀官趙鳳夏出使清朝。[2]
在大院君掌政時任景福宫营建都监提调[3],李景夏为禁卫大将。一日兩人一同流連妓院,當天晚上景福宫失火;等朝廷众臣都到了,他們兩位沒有及時出現。等到趕來之後,卻說這場火災是大吉之兆,而被兴宣大院君憤怒駁斥。至此,兴宣大院君更加輕視他的兄長。他曾出任扈卫大将、判义禁府事、判宗正卿等职位。但一直得不到重用,被形容为“厨下饥狗”。[4] 因此,興寅君在权力斗争中倒向闵妃。
1873年大院君失勢,興寅君獲得明成皇后登用,1874年任左議政,[5] 他的宅邸遭人纵火,事后查出“火贼”为大院君的亲信申哲均。次年升任領議政。他在朝鮮王朝500多年的歷史中是少數能掌握實權並擔任重職的王室宗親,(有明文規定宗親不得干涉政事,而且李氏宗親大多只會吃喝玩樂,真正有能力的確實也是少之又少),1880年設立統理機務衙門(통리기무아문)[6],成為首任總理大臣。1882年,他在壬午軍亂(임오군란)時在自宅被暴民所殺,终年67岁。七月四日,大院君政权赠李最应謚号孝宪,大院君倒台后,谥号改为忠翼。光武九年(1905年)改謚号文忠。
政绩
興寅君基本没有政绩可言,其出任左议政时,曾主张在称呼方面对日本妥协,“彼书中数个字,不过是渠国臣子自尊之称,于我乎何损之有哉?交邻文字之不有谦恭,其曲在于彼,而其妄又在于彼矣。积年相持,阻我怀柔之意则还涉自侮,亦缺诚信”。[7]云扬号事件发生时,作为領議政的興寅君束手无策,对所有建议只说“唯”(是的),人称“唯唯政丞”。[8] 在闵妃指示下与日本签订《江华条约》,这是朝鲜近代史上第一个不平等条约。科举由他主考閱卷时,他无法辨别文章的優劣,只能靠抽签来分出等第。[9]
1880年,修信使金宏集从日本带来清朝驻日参赞黄遵宪所撰的《朝鲜策略》,主张朝鲜接受西方先进科技,实行改革;对外“亲華,结日,联米,抵俄”。李最应深表赞同,但是遭到广大儒生的强烈反对,300多名庆尚道儒生上“万人疏”,坚决反对,1881年在汉城伏阙上疏。各地儒生高举“卫正斥邪”旗帜,群起上疏,史称辛巳斥邪运动。李最应下令逮捕无数儒生并亲自严刑拷打。最后处决了洪在鹤等“疏首”,又将十多人人流放边地或荒岛。这一事件激起了众怒。
家族關係
- 父親:南延君 (남연군,1788年─1836年)
- 庶子:李載兢 (이재긍)
- 養子:李熙夏 (이희하)
- 孙子:李址鎔,李熙夏之子。
參考文獻
朝鮮總督府中樞院編,《朝鮮人名辭書》,1996頁。
附註
^ 朝鮮王朝實錄
^ 《憲宗實錄》 八年 十月十九日
^ 《高宗实录》卷2,二年四月初三日条
^ 尹孝定《风云韩末秘史》,第40页。
^ 《高宗实录》卷11,十一年二月二日条。
^ 《高宗實錄》高宗18年2月5日條。
^ 《日省录》高宗篇十二,乙亥年十一月十五日《左议政李最应启言》。
^ 黄玹.《梅泉野录》:韩国国史编纂委会,1955年:第29页.
^ 黄玹.《梅泉野录》:韩国国史编纂委会,1955年:第36页.
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