絳曲堅贊




大司徒絳曲堅贊（藏文：.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Qomolangma-Dunhuang","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","Qomolangma-Woodblock","DDC Uchen","DDC Rinzin",Kailash,"BabelStone Tibetan",Jomolhari,"TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni",Wangdi29,"Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}ཏའི་སི་ཏུ་བྱང་ཆུབ་རྒྱལ་མཚན，威利：ta'i si tu byang chub rgyal mtshan，1302年－1364年），又譯為降曲堅贊、松秋堅贊，西藏帕竹王朝建立者，是政教合一的領袖，被稱為班札法王。元顺帝曾册封他為大司徒。



生平


降曲堅贊出身自西藏朗色林氏族，家族是西藏早期的貴族，游牧為生，曾經邀請過蓮花生大士來到他們的莊園說法。在朗達瑪被殺之後，中央王朝崩解，西藏陷入部族割據的局面，郎色林氏族趁勢控制了現今的西藏札囊縣境，雅魯藏布江河谷地區。他們信奉寧瑪派，但是也保留了西藏原先的精靈信仰，他們以朗色林寺為核心，統治著這個地區。


1158年，噶舉派達波拉傑的弟子帕木竹巴·多吉傑布到帕木竹建立了丹薩替寺，成為帕竹噶舉的始祖。帕竹噶舉派的領導者與朗色林氏族合作，統治了衛藏地區。


元朝時，薩迦派法王受到蒙古人的支持，通过出任宣政院使成為西藏的統治者。朗色林氏族也受到薩迦派的冊封，繼續領導這個地區。降曲堅贊出身朗色林氏族，七歲時，在京俄大師澤細巴門下受居士戒，法名降曲堅贊，意為菩提寶幢。九歲時跟隨親教師楚達瓦及軌範師布訛巴出家，修行勝樂金剛法。


朗色林氏族在元朝時受到薩迦派法王的册封，是西藏三個萬戶長之一（止貢、帕竹、嚓巴）。1313年，降曲堅贊前往薩迦派，擔任達尼欽波桑波貝的當聶（即宮廷隨從），學習佛教，同時也學習管理行政事務的知識。他曾經受到薩迦巴統治者的侮辱，因起興起取而代之的念頭。1321年，他接受薩迦派的任命，回到帕竹，擔任萬戶長。1322年，元朝册封他為帕竹萬戶長，他開始整頓吏治，發展藏地經濟。


他與鄰居雅桑萬戶發生爭鬥，要求取回屬於原有帕竹萬戶的領地，至少是元世祖忽必烈及宣政院歷次頒發文告聖旨中規定的領地。最後絳曲堅贊所帶領的帕竹政權佔領了雅桑大部、迫使蔡巴萬戶割地求和。


1349年，他推翻了薩迦派的統治，建立了帕竹王朝，並且向元朝宣告他是全藏的統治者。1350年，絳曲堅贊派遣使者進京奏報，元順帝承認了絳曲堅贊的既得權力和地位，賜給萬戶長銀印兩枚。1358年，元朝册封他為大司徒，順勢認可他為新藏主。同時也册封他為班札法王（即金剛乘法王）。元順帝賜給絳曲堅贊虎鈕印章和封詔，規定貢噶、仁蚌等前後藏地區為絳曲堅贊的轄地，冊封絳曲堅贊的部下釋迦仁欽為曲彌萬戶長。絳曲堅贊的帕竹政權正式取代薩迦政權，接管烏思藏，絳曲堅贊也成為帕竹政權的第一代第悉。


降曲堅贊打破原先的土地制度，將土地公平分配給農民，同時恢復了松贊干布時期的西藏法律。他也建立了自己的軍隊，並且在邊區巡防，讓西藏脫離了元朝蒙古人的統治。


1351年，他修建了澤當寺，成為帕竹噶舉派重要的基地。丹薩替寺以修密法為主，澤當寺以講授顯宗經論為主。


1364年，降曲堅贊去世，由他的姪子札巴堅贊繼位。



参考文献




  • 陳慶英：《西藏基本情況叢書西藏歷史》，五洲傳播出版社，2003。ISBN 7501016607


参见



  • 帕竹王朝

  • 西藏历史

  • 元朝治藏歷史

  • 明朝治藏歷史

  • 薩迦巴

  • 帕竹噶舉








新頭銜
帕竹王朝统治者第一任
1349年─1364年
 繼任：
第悉釋迦堅贊



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