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Haplogroup T-M184
Possible time of origin	39,800-48,500 years BP[1]
Ancestor	LT
Descendants	T1 (T-L206); T2 (T-PH110)
Defining mutations	M184/PAGES34/USP9Y+3178, M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, L445
Highest frequencies	Afars and ethnic Somalis in the Horn of Africa; Antemoro of Madagascar; Lodha, Bauri, Yerukula, Raju and Mahli of East India; Armenians, from Sasoon, Turkey; Chians and Cretans from Lasithi, Greece; rural Saccensi and Aquilanis, Italy; Fula (Fulbe) of West/Central Africa; Ibizans, Spain; Jews from north-east Portugal; the Lemba of Southern Africa; Bakhtiaris and Kermani Zoroastrians in Iran; Tuareg, Toubou and southern Egyptians in North Africa; Georgians; Tajiks and Kazakhs in Central Asia; and Quechua in South America.

Haplogroup T-M184, also known as Haplogroup T is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The UEP that defines this clade is the SNP known as M184. Other SNPs – M272, PAGES129, L810, L455, L452, and L445 – are considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to M184. As a primary branch of haplogroup LT (a.k.a. K1), the basal, undivergent haplogroup T* currently has the alternate phylogenetic name of K1b and is a sibling of haplogroup L* (a.k.a. K1a). (Before 2008, haplogroup T and its subclades were known as haplogroup K2.^[2] The name K2 has since been reassigned to a primary subclade of haplogroup K.) It has two primary branches: T1 (T-L206) and T2 (T-PH110).

T-M184 is unusual in that it is both geographically widespread and relatively rare (considering that it originated around 40,000 years ago).^[3][4][5]

A living male from Armenia is reportedly the only known case of basal T* (T-M184*).^[6] (That is, an example of T-M184* that does not including mutations identifying T-L206 or T-PH110.)

As a whole, T-M184, is found at its highest frequencies among some populations in parts of the Horn of Africa, East India, Madagascar, Kazakhstan and Sicily. Some sources suggest that the arrival of the lineage in these regions is due to relatively recent^[vague] migrations.^[7][8] T-M184 occurs at frequencies of greater than 30% (in large samples) from populations as diverse as Dir clan ethnic Somalis of Djibouti, Antemoro of Madagascar, Bauri, and Yerukula of East India, Argyns from Kazakhstan and rural Sciaccensis from Sicily.

T2 (T-PH110) is very rare and has been found in three distinct geographical regions: the North European Plain, the Kura-Araks Basin of the Caucasus, and Bhutan.^[3][4][9] None of these regions, however, now appears to feature populations with high frequencies of haplogroup T-M184.^[3][10]

T1 (T-L206) – the numerically dominant primary branch of T-M184 – appears to have originated in Western Asia, possibly somewhere between northeastern Anatolia and the Zagros Mountains,^{[citation needed]} and spread from there into the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, South Asia, Southern Europe and adjoining regions. T1* may have expanded with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Most males who now belong to haplogroup T-L206 carry the subclade T-M70 (T1a), a primary branch of T-M206. Now most commonly found in North Africa and the Middle East, T-M70 nevertheless appears to have long been present in Europe, having possibly arrived there in the Neolithic epoch with the first farmers.^[2] This is supported by the discovery of several members of T1a1 (CTS880) at a 7,000 year old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany and two members in 5800-5400Bc neolithic site in Malak Preslavets, Bulgaria.^[11][12] Autosomal analysis of these remains suggest that some were closely related to modern Southwest Asian populations.^[11][13]

Structure

Subclade structure of Haplogroup T (M184).^[14]

• 
  T1 (L206)
  
  • 
    T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662)
    
    
    
    • 
      T1a1 (L162/Page21, L454)
      
      • 
        T1a1a (L208/Page2)
        
        
        
        • 
          T1a1a1 (CTS11451)
        
        
        • 
          T1a1a2 (Y16897)
          
          • 
            T1a1a2a (Z19963)
          
          
        
        
        
        
      
      
    
    
    • 
      T1a2 (L131)
      
      
      
      • 
        T1a2a (PH141/Y13244)
      
      
      • 
        T1a2b (L446)
      
      
      
      
    
    
    • 
      T1a3 (FGC1350/Y11151 )
      
      
      
      • 
        T1a3a (Y11675/Z9798)
      
      
      • 
        T1a3b (FGC1340/Y8614)
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  


• 
  T2 (PH110)

Distribution

Overview

Haplogroup T is found at high levels in isolated pockets as far apart as Central Asia, Northeast and Eastern India, Northern Asia, Central Africa, and South Africa. The clade is borne by a majority of Dir clan Somalis in the Horn of Africa;^[15] among Kurru, Bauris & Lodha in South Asia; among Toubou in Chad; and in a significant minority of Rajus and Mahli in South Asia; general Somalis, southern Egyptians and Fula (Fulbe) in north Cameroon; people from the Chian, Aquilani, Saccensi, Ibizan (Eivissenc) and Mirandese regions in Europe; Zoroastrians, Bakhtiaris in the Middle East, and Nenets and Kazakhs (especially Momyns and Argyns) in Siberia/Central Asia.^{[citation needed]}

The maximal worldwide frequency for haplogroup T-M184 is observed among Somalis in the Dire Dawa area^[16] and Djibouti,^[15] where it accounts for approximately 82% of the Somali male lineages^[16] to 100% of the Somali Dir male lineages, respectively.^[15] Luis et al. (2004) suggest that the presence of T on the African continent may, like R1* representatives, point to an older introduction from Asia. The Levant rather than the Arabian Peninsula appears to have been the main route of entry, as the Egyptian and Turkish haplotypes are considerably older in age (13,700 BP and 9,000 BP, respectively) than those found in Oman (only 1,600 BP). According to the authors, the spotty modern distribution pattern of haplogroup T-M184 within Africa may therefore represent the traces of a more widespread early local presence of the clade. Later expansions of populations carrying the E1b1b, E1b1a, G and J NRY lineages may have overwhelmed the T-M184 clade-bearers in certain localities.^[17]

In the Caucasus and Anatolia it makes up to 4% of the population in southeast and northwest Caucasus as well as in southeast and western Anatolia, peaking up to 20% in Armenians from Sasun. In Middle East it makes up to 4% of the population around the Zagros Mountains and the Persian Gulf as well as around the Taurus Mountains and the Levant basin, peaking up to 10% in Zoroastrians from Kerman, Bakhtiaris, Assyrians from Azerbaijan, Abudhabians, Armenians from Historical Southwestern Armenia and Druzes from Galilee. In Eastern Africa it makes up to 4% of the population on Upper Egypt and Somalia, peaking up to 10% in Luxor, Jijiga and Dire Dawa.

Haplogroup T is rare almost everywhere in Europe. According to Mendez et al. (2011), "the occurrence in Europe of lineages belonging to both T1a1 (old T1a) and T1a2 (old T1b) subclades probably reflects multiple episodes of gene flow. T1a1* haplogroups in Europe likely reflect older gene flow".^[2] It makes up to 4% of the population on Central Italy, Western Sicily, Northwest Corsica, Northwestern Iberian Peninsula, Western Andalucia, Western Alps, Eastern Crete, and Macedonia, frequencies up to 10% in Ibiza, Miranda de I Douro, Eastern Oviedo, Cádiz, Badajoz, Balagna, Norma and Ragusa, and peaking at 20% in Sciacca, L'Aquila and some German regions^[which?]. T-M184 was found in 1.7% (10/591) of a pool of six samples of males from southwestern Russia, but it was completely absent from a pool of eight samples totalling 637 individuals from the northern half of European Russia.^[18] The Russians from the southwest were from the following cities: Roslavl, Livny, Pristen, Repyevka, and Belgorod; and Kuban Cossacks from the Republic of Adygea.

T1 (T-L206)

T1 is the most common descent of T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all Eurasian T-M184 members. One of their descent lineages is found in high frequencies among northern Somali Clans. However, it appears to have originated somewhere around the northern Mediterranean Basin, perhaps somewhere between Greece to the Zagros mountains.

The basal T1* subclade appears to have spread from northeastern Anatolia, into the Levant at least, with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB). Although it is rare in modern populations, T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one sequence among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.^[2][19][20]

T1a (M70)

Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.^[2]

T1a1*

Recent findings of Haak et al. who discovered several T1a1-CTS880 members in a 7000 years old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany.^[11][12]

The T1a1 skeletal remains from this settlement were also found to belong to the H mtdna haplogroup, this settlement has the highest frequency of this mtDNA haplogroup 30.4% (7/23) that have been found in any early Neolithic Europe population until now.^[11]
T1a1 (T-L162/Page21; also known as T-L162(xL208) and T-L454), which emerged 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70. An individual with T1a1 was first identified in a paper by Tomas et al. in 2006, among a sample of Ibizans (Eivissencs) from the Balearic Islands of Spain.^[21] T-L162(xL208) has also been reported in at least one male with a Pontic Greek background.^{[citation needed]}

A subgroup of Ibizans – the Pityusans of the Pityusic Islands – have been found by three different studies to possess T1a1 at relatively high levels of 6.7–16.7%. Tomàs et al. (2006) found three cases amongst a sample of 45 (6.7%).^[21] Zalloua et al. (2008) found nine examples that were L454+ (an SNP equivalent to L162/Page21) from a sample of 54 (i.e. a rate of 16.7%).^[22][23] Rodriguez et al. (2009) found seven cases of L454+ in a sample of 96 (7.3%).^[24]

The Pontic Greeks of Anatolia are also reported to possess T1a1. In 2009, a male with the surname Metaxopoulos and a Pontic Greek background was reported to be T-L162(xL208) – according to the Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project administered by Adriano Squecco.^{[citation needed]} Greeks from the Giresun (originally Choerades Κερασοῦς; later Kerasous) reportedly migrated in antiquity from Sinope, which was itself colonised by Ionians (from Miletus). Another ancient Ionian colony in north-west Anatolia, Lámpsakos (Lampsacus), had onomastic links to the Pityusic Islands (see above) – Lámpsakos was originally an Ionian colony known as Pityussa.

T1a1a (L208)

This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. Firstly discovered and reported at August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.

T1a1a1a1b1a1* (T-Y3782*)

One Sardinian male from a sample of 187 (a nominal rate of 0.53%) – a resident of the Province of Cagliari (Sardinian: Casteddu) – has been found to have T-Y3782(xY3836), also known T1a1a1a1b1a1(xT1a1a1a1b1a1a).^[25]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (T-Y3836)

T-Y3836 Phylogeny. Using 19 Y-STR markers.

This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where the subclade also has its highest diversity. Two subclades can be clearly discriminated. The first, found mainly in post-colonial Puerto Rico, with DYS391=10 and the second, found mainly in Panamá where their Iberian descendants could have the entrance point to America, with DYS439=12.

Some members of Y3836 are found among different communities of the Sephardic diaspora but they are found to be extremely rare in the total percentage of some of these communities as seen in Nogueiro et al. This probably could mean that these members could be integrated by these communities through the contact with other native Iberian populations as seen in Monteiro et al. where this lineage was found among native Astur-Leonese speakers.

T2 (PH110)

 This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.

A 2014 study found T-PH110 in one ethnic Bhutanese male, out of a sample of 21, possibly implying a rate of 4.8% in Bhutan.^[3] Also have been found in a German individual and another two from Caucasus. The Bhutanese and the German haplotypes seems to cluster together.

Possible cases from older research

Geographical distribution

Northern Asia

Europe

With K-M9+, unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,^[110] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,^[60] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,^[60] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,^[60] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,^[60] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,^[60] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,^[70] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,^[60] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,^[111] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,^[112] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,^[113] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,^[114] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,^[66] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,^[66] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,^[114] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,^[114] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,^[24] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,^[115] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,^[116] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,^[24] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,^[117] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,^[110] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,^[110] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,^[118] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,^[114] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,^[119] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,^[120] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,^[121] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,^[116] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,^[24] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,^[122] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,^[123] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,^[116] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,^[124] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),^[125] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie^[126]

Other parts that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup T-M184 individuals include Trentino (2/67 or 3%), Mariña Lucense (1/34 or 2.9%), Heraklion (3/104 or 2.9%), Roslavl (3/107 or 2.8%), Ourense (1/37 or 2.7%), Livny (3/110 or 2.7%), Biella (3/114 or 2.6%), Entre Douro (6/228 or 2.6%), Porto (3/118 or 2.5%), Urbino (1/40 or 2.5%), Iberian Peninsula (16/629 or 2.5%), Blekinge/Kristianstad (1/41 or 2.4%), Belarus (1/41 or 2.4%), Modena (3/130 or 2.3%), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (1/45 or 2.2%), Pristen (1/45 or 2.2%), Cáceres (2/91 or 2.2%), Brac (1/47 or 2.1%), Satakunta (1/48 or 2.1%), Western Croatia (2/101 or 2%), Ukrainia (1/50 or 2%), Greifswald (2/104 or 1.9%), Moldavians in Sofia (1/54 or 1.9%), Uppsala (1/55 or 1.8%), Lublin (2/112 or 1.8%), Pias in Beja (1/54 or 1.8%), Macedonian Greeks (1/57 or 1.8%), Nea Nikomedeia (1/57 or 1.8%), Sesklo/Dimini (1/57 or 1.8%), Lerna/Franchthi (1/57 or 1.8%), Açores (2/121 or 1.7%), Viana do Castelo (1/59 or 1.7%), Toulouse (1/67 or 1.5%), Belgorod (2/143 or 1.4%), Sardinia (1/77 or 1.3%).^{[127][128][129][130][131][132][70][74][133][101][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][52][96][149][150][151]} According to data from commercial testing, 3.9% of Italian males belonging to this haplogroup.^[152] Approximately 3% of Sephardi Jews and 2% of Ashkenazi Jews belong to haplogroup T.^[153]

Middle East and Caucasus

Haplogroup T has some significant frequencies in southeast and eastern Anatolia, the Zagros Mountains and both sides of the Persian Gulf.