Wilderness Act
 | |
| Long title | An Act to establish a National Wilderness Preservation System for the permanent good of the whole people, and for other purposes. |
|---|---|
| Nicknames | Wilderness Act of 1964 |
| Enacted by | the 88th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Public law | 88–577 |
| Statutes at Large | 78 Stat. 890 |
| Codification | |
| Titles amended | 16 U.S.C.: Conservation |
U.S.C. sections created | 16 U.S.C. ch. 23 § 1131 et seq. |
| Legislative history | |
| |
President Lyndon Johnson signs the Wilderness Act of 1964 in the White House Rose Garden. Also pictured are Interior Secretary Stewart Udall, Senator Frank Church, Mardy Murie, Alice Zahniser, and Representative Wayne Aspinall, among others.
The Wilderness Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88–577) was written by Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society. It created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States, and protected 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of federal land. The result of a long effort to protect federal wilderness and to create a formal mechanism for designating wilderness, the Wilderness Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3, 1964 after over sixty drafts and eight years of work.
The Wilderness Act is well known for its succinct and poetic definition of wilderness:
"A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." - Howard Zahniser
When Congress passed and President Lyndon Johnson signed the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964, it created the National Wilderness Preservation System. The initial statutory wilderness areas, designated in the Act, comprised 9.1 million acres (37,000 km²) of national forest wilderness areas in the United States of America previously protected by administrative orders. The current amount of areas designated by the NWPS as wilderness totals 757 areas encompassing 109.5 million acres of federally owned land in 44 states and Puerto Rico (5% of the land in the United States).
Contents
1 Statistics
2 Legal framework
2.1 Criticisms
3 Future legislation
4 50th anniversary of Wilderness Act
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Bibliography
7 External links
Statistics
Today, the Wilderness System comprises over 109 million acres (441,000 km²) involving federal lands administered by four agencies:
| The National Wilderness Preservation System: Area Administered by each Federal Agency (September 2014)[1] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Agency | Wilderness area | Agency land designated wilderness |
| National Park Service | 43,932,843 acres (17,778,991 ha) | 56% |
| U.S. Forest Service | 36,165,620 acres (14,635,710 ha) | 18% |
| U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | 20,702,488 acres (8,378,000 ha) | 22% |
| Bureau of Land Management | 8,710,087 acres (3,524,847 ha) | 2% |
| Total | 109,511,038 acres (44,317,545 ha) | 100% |
Legal framework
Wilderness Act land is chosen from existing federal land and by determining which areas are considered to have the following criteria:
- Minimal human imprint
- Opportunities for unconfined recreation
- At least five thousand acres
- Educational, scientific, or historical value
Additionally, areas considered as wilderness should have no enterprises within them or any motorized travel (e.g.; vehicles, motorcycles).[citation needed]
When Congress designates each wilderness area, it includes a very specific boundary line in statutory law. Once a wilderness area has been added to the system, its protection and boundary can be altered only by Congress.[citation needed]
The basics of the program set out in the Wilderness Act are straightforward:
- The lands protected as wilderness are areas of our public lands.
- Wilderness designation is a protective overlay Congress applies to selected portions of national forests, parks, wildlife refuges, and other public lands.
- Within wilderness areas, the Wilderness Act strives to restrain human influences so that ecosystems [the Wilderness Act, however, makes no specific mention of ecosystems] can change over time in their own way, free, as much as possible, from human manipulation. In these areas, as the Wilderness Act puts it, "the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man,"untrammeled meaning the forces of nature operate unrestrained and unaltered.
- Wilderness areas serve multiple uses but the law limits uses to those consistent with the Wilderness Act mandate that each wilderness area be administered to preserve the "wilderness character of the area." For example, these areas protect watersheds and clean-water supplies vital to downstream municipalities and agriculture, as well as habitats supporting diverse wildlife, including endangered species, but logging and oil and gas drilling are prohibited.
- Along with many other uses for the American people, wilderness areas are popular for diverse kinds of outdoor recreation but without motorized or mechanical vehicles or equipment except where specifically permitted. Scientific research is also allowed in wilderness areas as long as it is non-invasive.
- The Wilderness Act was reinterpreted by the Administration in 1986 to ban bicycles from Wilderness areas, which led to the current vocal opposition from mountain bikers to the opening of new Wilderness areas.
- The Wilderness Act allows certain uses (resource extraction, grazing, etc.) that existed before the land became wilderness to be grandfathered inot and so they may continue to take place although the area that was designated as wilderness typically would not concede such uses. Specifically, mining, grazing, water uses, or any other uses that do not significantly impact the majority of the area may remain in some degree.
When the Wilderness Act was passed, it ignored lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management because of uncertainty of policy makers surrounding the future of those areas. The uncertainty was clarified in 1976 with the passing of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, which stated that land managed by the Bureau of Land Management would remain federally owned and, between March 1978 and November 1980, would be reviewed to possibly be classified as wilderness.[2]
Criticisms
Some argue that the criteria to determine wilderness are vague and open to interpretation. For example, one criterion for wilderness is that it be roadless, and the act does not define the term roadless. Wilderness advocacy groups and some agency bureaucrats have attempted to impose this standard: "the word 'roadless' refers to the absence of roads that have been improved and maintained by mechanical means."[3] For more information, see Revised Statute 2477.
Another criticism of the Wilderness Act is that it defines wilderness as "where man himself is a visitor who does not remain."[4]
Future legislation
Congress considers additional proposals every year, some recommended by federal agencies and many proposed by grassroots conservation and sportsmen's organizations.[5]
Congressional bills are pending to designate new wilderness areas in Utah, Colorado, Washington, California, Virginia, Idaho, West Virginia, Montana and New Hampshire. Grassroots coalitions are working with local congressional delegations on legislative proposals for additional wilderness areas, including Vermont, southern Arizona, national grasslands in South Dakota, Rocky Mountain peaks of Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. The U.S. Forest Service has recommended new wilderness designations, which citizen groups may propose to expand.
50th anniversary of Wilderness Act
In 2014, America celebrated "50 Years of Wilderness", and Wilderness50, a growing coalition of federal agencies, non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and other wilderness user groups has been created to document this historical commemoration honoring America's "True American Legacy of Wilderness."[6]
A series of projects and events were held to commemorate the 50th year of the Wilderness Act, including community museum, airport and visitor center displays; National website and social media campaign; Smithsonian photography exhibition; Washington D.C. Wilderness Week in September, and the National Wilderness Conference.
See also
- U.S. Wilderness Area
- List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
- Conservation refugee
- Natural heritage
Eastern Wilderness Act of 1974
Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act of 1978
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980- California Wilderness Act of 1984
Northern California Coastal Wild Heritage Wilderness Act of 2006- Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009
References
Notes
^ Table from The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting jalsdladslasjkladsjklads
the Wilderness Act (Fulcrum Publishing, 2004). Wilderness area by agency from www.wilderness.net. For consistency, all data used for percentage calculation are from Federal Land Management Agencies: Background on Land and Resource Management (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, RL30867, February 2001)
^ Durrant, Jeffrey, Struggle Over Utah's San Rafael Swell: Wilderness, National Conservation Areas, and National Monuments, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2007. Print.
^ "Conducting Wilderness Characteristics Inventory on BLM Lands," 15 March 2012 [1]
^ "Wilderness.net - 1964 Wilderness Act". Wilderness.net. Retrieved 2017-02-25..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
^ Turner, James Morton (2012). The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics since 1964. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295991757.
^ "50th Anniversary of the Wilderness Act". www.wilderness50th.org. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
Bibliography
- Dant, Sara. "Making Wilderness Work: Frank Church and the American Wilderness Movement." Pacific Historical Review 77 (May 2008): 237-272.
Doug Scott (August 15, 2004). The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage through the Wilderness Act. Fulcrum Publishing. ISBN 1-55591-527-2.
- "The Wilderness Act of 1964." [2]
- "Conducting Wilderness Characteristics Inventory on BLM Lands", 15 March 2012 [3]
Jeffrey 0. Durrant (2007). Struggle Over Utah's San Rafael Swell: Wilderness, National Conservation Areas, and National Monuments. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2669-9.
James Morton Turner (2012). The Promise of Wilderness: American Environmental Politics since 1964. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295991757.
External links
The Wilderness Society (political advocacy)- 50th Anniversary of Wilderness Act Commemoration Events
- 50th Anniversary of Wilderness Act Hub
- Listen to President Johnson's remarks at the signing of the Wilderness Act on September 3, 1964
- Full text of the Wilderness Act
- Overview of other wilderness-related legislation
Campaign for America's Wilderness (political advocacy)
Californians for Western Wilderness (political advocacy)
America's Redrock Wilderness Act - Library of Congress
