硬顎近音

Multi tool use
Multi tool use




body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.infobox caption{text-align:center}




























濁硬顎近音
Palatal approximant
.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}
j

ʝ̞

ʝ˕

国际音标编号

153
编码
HTML码 十进制

j
Unicode 十六进制

U+006A
X-SAMPA音标
j
ASCII音标
j
声音



硬顎近音(voiced palatal approximant),又叫硬顎無擦通音,是輔音的一種,用於一些口語中。硬顎無擦通音在國際音標的符號是j,X-SAMPA音標的符號則是j




目录






  • 1 特徵


  • 2 該音見於漢語


  • 3 該音見於其他語言


    • 3.1 英語


    • 3.2 德語


    • 3.3 芬蘭語


    • 3.4 瑞典語


    • 3.5 世界語




  • 4 參考文獻


  • 5 參見





特徵


硬顎無擦通音的特徵:



  • 發音方法是無擦通音/近音,即是將舌頭放近另一個發音部位,但不收窄聲腔,故此不會做成湍流。


  • 發音部位是硬顎,即其以將舌頭中間或背部升至硬顎來發音。

  • 發聲類型是濁音,意味着發音時聲帶顫動。

  • 本輔音是口腔輔音(口音),表示發音時空氣從只從口裡流出。

  • 本輔音為中央輔音,發音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面,而不從兩側流過。


  • 氣流特點是經由肺與橫膈膜流出,而非從口腔或喉門流出。




該音見於漢語


普通話中有此音,是開首為[i]的複韻母中[i]的一個弱化讀法,如(yǒu),原來讀[ʔiɤʊ214],因[i]弱化可能成為[jɤʊ214]


吳語有此音,如蘇州話「移」字的聲母為[j]


粵語中有此音,出現在字首和字尾,如醫[jiː55],李[lej35]



該音見於其他語言



英語


英語中此音以字母y表示,如yes。留意y有時會表示元音而非此音,如happymayday



德語


德語和絕大部分中歐和東歐的語言一樣,以字母j表示此音,如jung(年輕的)。



芬蘭語


芬蘭語中亦會以j表示此音,但在一些口音中字母j亦會用在表示硬顎化的輔音。



瑞典語


日耳曼語族中的語言中均以 j 表示此音,且 j 並不用作標示其他音。瑞典語卻例外,如果 j 和 t 一同出現,成 tj 的話,會讀成 [t̠ɕ]、[ɕ] 或 [ç](視乎口音而定)。



世界語


世界語中此音只會用j表示,j不用作標示其化音(因為世界語是人工語言),如jes(是)。



參考文獻


.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}



  • Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas, Ambrazas, Vytautas, 编, Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, 1997, ISBN 9986-813-22-0 


  • Augustaitis, Daine, Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner, 1964 


  • Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann, Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, 1987, ISBN 978-8470394836 


  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 


  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981], ISBN 9004103406 


  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009 


  • Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 0-7190-6689-1 


  • Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 


  • Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 


  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 


  • Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 


  • Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 6th, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2005 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 


  • Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio, Problems in the Classification of Approximants, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 


  • Mathiassen, Terje, A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1996, ISBN 978-0893572679 


  • Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 


  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia, Standard Austrian German, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055 


  • Mott, Brian, Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842 


  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (爱尔兰语) 


  • Pavlík, Radoslav, Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, 55: 87–109 


  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 


  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 


  • Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter, Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec, Anthropological Linguistics (The Trustees of Indiana University), 1995, 37 (1): 70–88, JSTOR 30028043 


  • Smyth, Herbert Weir, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library, 1920 


  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram, Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 


  • Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 


  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel, Russian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395 


  • Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 




參見





u 8wIhwX6JYEWn6F,DXZqWvpdUbCrSLiPpdGJ,crM,JpCpKSgSyFGUwH27wvq6J5PnhvhxPwBOse7I DeX3YgBmBNW1VbPRkkdyO5bL D
Fcm37SFplq7AC Q4Qq i0vnYFuyCfno x C h JnKylr74Qdjoedvo1qpmG p42I

Popular posts from this blog

How to pass form data using jquery Ajax to insert data in database?

Guess what letter conforming each word

Run scheduled task as local user group (not BUILTIN)