元音
Multi tool use
提示：本条目的主题不是
響音。
调音方法
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氣流機制
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- 外呼音
- 內呼音
- 擠喉音
- 內爆音
- 非爆塞音
搭嘴音/舌音
- Linguo-pulmonic
- Linguo-ejective
- 撞擊音
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參見 |
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- 调音
- 调音语音学
- 送氣
- 無聲除阻
- 發聲
- 清音
- 濁音
- 调音部位
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元音，或称母音，是音素的一种，与辅音相对。元音是在发音过程中由气流通过口腔而不受阻碍发出的音。
发元音时，气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带，使声带发出均匀震动，然后震音气流不受阻碍地通过口腔、鼻腔，通过舌、唇的调节而发出不同的声音。发元音时声带必然震动，这叫做浊音。也有的语言发元音时声带不振动，发出清元音（voiceless vowel）。
元音并非在所有的语言中都与元音字母一一对应，一些元音字母的组合也可以表示特殊的元音，比如汉语中的某些複韵母；某些语言中一些元音字母在某些情况下不发音，如法语中元音字母“e”在词末。
元音分兩大類：舌面元音和舌尖元音。大多數元音都是舌面元音，如國際音標的[a]、[e]、[i]、[o]、[u]等等，而漢語很多方言中有一類在其它語言中很少見的舌尖元音，發音時舌尖緊張，包括平舌音（或者稱舌尖前音）如漢語拼音zi、ci、si的韻母，和翹舌音（或者稱捲舌音、舌尖後音）如漢語拼音zhi、chi、shi、ri的韻母。
在元音四角圖中，橫軸代表是元音舌位，縱軸代表的是元音高度。
参看
IPA：元音
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前
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次前
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央
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次後
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後
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閉
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.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}
i
y
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次閉
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半閉
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中
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半開
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次開
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開
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成對的音標分別是不圓唇 • 圓唇元音
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- 國語元音圖
- 元音字母
- 元音列表
- 音节
- 音位
- 半元音
- 辅音
- 閉元音
- 双元音
- 三元音
參考文獻
.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, 1999. 剑桥大学 ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Johnson, Keith, Acoustic & Auditory Phonetics, second edition, 2003. Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-0123-7
- Korhonen, Mikko. Koltansaamen opas, 1973. Castreanum ISBN 951-45-0189-6
- Peter Ladefoged|Ladefoged, Peter, A Course in Phonetics, fifth edition, 2006. Boston, MA: Thomson Wadsworth ISBN 1-4130-2079-8
- Ladefoged, Peter, Elements of Acoustic Phonetics, 1995. 芝加哥大学 ISBN 0-226-46764-3
- Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants: An Introduction to the Sounds of Languages, 2000. Blackwell ISBN 0-631-21412-7.
- Lindau, Mona. (1978). Vowel features. Language, 54, 541–563.
- Stevens, Kenneth N. (1998). Acoustic phonetics. Current studies in linguistics (No. 30). Cambridge, MA: MIT. ISBN 0-262-19404-X.
- Stevens, Kenneth N. (2000). Toward a model for lexical access based on acoustic landmarks and distinctive features. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111 (4), 1872–1891.
- Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). A spectrographic analysis of vowel fronting in Bradford English. English World-Wide 22:2, 269–302. Available at [1][永久失效連結]
外部連結
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查询維基詞典中的元音。 |
IPA chart with MP3 sound files
IPA vowel chart with AIFF sound files
- Vowel charts for several different languages and dialects measuring F1 and F2
- Materials for measuring and plotting vowel formants
Vowels and Consonants Online examples from Ladefoged's Vowels and Consonants, referenced above.
| 规范控制 |
- BNE: XX546387
- BNF: cb11976160w (data)
- GND: 4063778-5
- LCCN: sh2002006459
- NDL: 00560828
- SUDOC: 027796329
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