A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ in some languages. Dentals are usually distinguished from sounds in which contact is made with the tongue and the gum ridge, as in English (see alveolar consonant) because of the acoustic similarity of the sounds and the fact that in the Roman alphabet, they are generally written using the same symbols (like t, d, n).
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for dental consonant is .mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace} U+032A◌̪ .mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW.
Contents
1Cross-linguistically
2Occurrence
3See also
4References
5Sources
Cross-linguistically
For many languages, such as Albanian, Irish and Russian, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants. Thus, velarized consonants, such as Albanian /ɫ/, tend to be dental or denti-alveolar, and non-velarized consonants tend to be retracted to an alveolar position.[1]
Sanskrit, Hindi and all other Indic languages have an entire set of dental stops that occur phonemically as voiced and voiceless and with or without aspiration. The nasal /n/ also exists but is quite alveolar and apical in articulation.[citation needed] To native speakers, the English alveolar /t/ and /d/ sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of their languages than like dentals.[citation needed]
Spanish /t/ and /d/ are denti-alveolar,[2] while /l/ and /n/ are prototypically alveolar but assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. Likewise, Italian /t/, /d/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/ are denti-alveolar ([t̪], [d̪], [t̪͡s̪], and [d̪͡z̪] respectively) and /l/ and /n/ become denti-alveolar before a following dental consonant.[3][4]
Although denti-alveolar consonants are often described as dental, it is the point of contact farthest to the back that is most relevant, defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and gives a characteristic sound to a consonant.[5] In French, the contact that is farthest back is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.
Occurrence
Dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet include:
IPA
Description
Example
Language
Orthography
IPA
Meaning
dental nasal
Russian
банк
[ban̪k]
'bank'
voiceless dental stop
Finnish
tutti
[t̪ut̪t̪i]
'pacifier'
voiced dental stop
Arabic
دين
[d̪iːn]
'religion'
s̪
voiceless dental sibilant fricative
Polish
kosa
[kɔs̪a]
'scythe'
z̪
voiced dental sibilant fricative
Polish
koza
[kɔz̪a]
'goat'
voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative (also often called "interdental")
English
thing
[θɪŋ]
voiced dental nonsibilant fricative (also often called "interdental")
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
Real Academia Española; Association of Spanish Language Academies (2011), Nueva Gramática de la lengua española (English: New Grammar of the Spanish Language), 3 (Fonética y fonología), Espasa, ISBN 978-84-670-3321-2
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International Phonetic Alphabet .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} (chart)
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I'm trying to debug some problems with my Java code, which establishes a http/https connection. I'm wondering why the connection gets ridiculously slow (more than one minute for downloading a small web page) when debugging, even when stepping-over the method which does the network work. And if there is some remedy. Below I post an example (you can change https: to http: , and try debugging this from Eclipse pressing F11 - for stepping, place a breakpoint in the first main() statement, and press F6 when it pauses there. My results (time in milliseconds) : conn time total time http (not stepping) 60 350 http (stepping over) 1100 1500 https (not stepping) 570 1300 https (stepping over) 21000 83000