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International Amateur Radio Union
Abbreviation	IARU
Motto	"Representing the Interests of Two-Way Amateur Radio Communication";
Formation	1925;
Type	INGO
Purpose	Advocacy
Headquarters	; Newington, Connecticut, USA
Region served	Worldwide
Membership	162 national member societies;
Official language	; English;
President	Tim Ellam VE6SH;
Main organ	Administrative Council;
Website	www.iaru.org

The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) is an international confederation of national amateur radio organisations that allows a forum for common matters of concern and collectively represents matters to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Following an informal meeting in 1924 of representatives from France, Great Britain, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, Canada, and the United States, a plan was formulated to hold an International Amateur Congress in Paris, France in April 1925. This Congress was held for the purpose of founding an international amateur radio organization.^[5] The Congress was attended by representatives of 23 countries in Europe, Americas, and Asia. A constitution for the IARU was adopted on April 17, and the formation of the International Amateur Radio Union was ratified on April 18, 1925.^[6]

The protocol of the congress was written in English, French and Esperanto.^[7]
As of February 2009, the International Amateur Radio Union is composed of 162 national member societies.^[8]

Governance

The IARU has an elected President and Vice President, an appointed Secretary and other officials (including regional representatives) forming an Administrative Council. These office holders are presently Timothy Ellam (Canada), President; Ole Garpestad (Norway), Vice-President and Rod Stafford (USA), Secretary.^[4] The IARU International Secretariat (IARUIS) is operated by a member society after election by members. Currently, the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) operates the IARUIS from its headquarters in Newington, Connecticut, USA.^[9]

Regional organisation

The IARU is organised into three regions, named Region 1, Region 2, and Region 3. These regions correspond to the regulatory regions used by the International Telecommunication Union. Each region has an Executive Committee, typically composed of a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer, and several Directors. These regional officers are elected by representatives from the member societies at triennial regional conferences. Coordinators may be appointed by the Executive Committee of their region to support particular areas within the region, or to promote certain amateur radio activities within the region. All three regions have appointed Coordinators for Amateur Radio Direction Finding, emergency communications, monitoring for electromagnetic interference, and radio propagation.

IARU Region 1

IARU Region 1 Member Societies.

IARU Region 1 includes the member societies representing amateur radio operators in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and northern Asia. IARU Region 1 has the largest number of member societies among the three IARU regions, and has been the source of several international initiatives. IARU Region 1 lobbying efforts led to the creation of the 30 meter, 17 meter, and 12 meter amateur radio bands, improving the standardization of reciprocal licensing, and promoting Amateur Radio Direction Finding.^[10]

Country	Member Society/web site	Abbreviation
Albania	Albanian Amateur Radio Association	AARA
Algeria	Amateurs Radio Algeriens	ARA
Andorra	Unió de Radioaficionats Andorrans	URA
Armenia	Federation of Radiosport of the Republic of Armenia	FRRA
Austria	Österreichischer Versuchssenderverband	OEVSV
Azerbaijan	Federation of Radiosport of the Republic of Azerbaijan	FRS
Bahrain	Amateur Radio Association of Bahrain	ARAB
Belarus	Belarusian Federation of Radioamateurs and Radiosportsmen	BFRR
Belgium	Royal Union of Belgian Radio Amateurs	UBA
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Asocijacija Radioamatera u Bosne i Hercegovine	ARABH
Botswana	Botswana Amateur Radio Society	BARS
Bulgaria	Bulgarian Federation of Radio Amateurs	BFRA
Burkina Faso	Association des Radioamateurs du Burkina Faso	ARBF
Cameroon	Association des Radio Amateurs du Cameroun	ARTJ
Ivory Coast	Association Des Radio Amateurs Ivoiriens	ARAI
Croatia	Hrvatski Radioamaterski Savez	HRS
Cyprus	Cyprus Amateur Radio Society	CARS
Czech Republic	Český Radioklub	CRK
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Association des Radio Amateurs du Congo	ARAC
Denmark	Experimenterende Danske Radioamatører	EDR
Djibouti	Association des Radioamateurs de Djibouti	ARAD
Egypt	Egypt Amateurs Radio Assembly	EARA
Estonia	Eesti Raadioamatööride Ühing	ERAU
Ethiopia	Ethiopian Amateur Radio Society	EARS
Faroe Islands	Føroyskir Radioamatørar	FRA
Finland	Suomen Radioamatööriliitto	SRAL
France	Réseau des Émetteurs Français	REF
Gabon	Association Gabonaise des Radio-Amateurs	AGRA
Gambia	Radio Society of The Gambia	RSTG
Georgia	National Association Radioamateurs of Georgia	NARG
Germany	Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club	DARC
Ghana	Ghana Amateur Radio Society	GARS
Gibraltar	Gibraltar Amateur Radio Society	GARS
Greece	Radio Amateur Association of Greece	RAAG
Guinea	Association des Radioamateurs de Guinea	ARGUI
Hungary	Magyar Rádióamatõr Szövetség[1]	MRASZ
Iceland	Íslenskir Radíóamatörar	IRA
Iraq	Iraqi Amateur Radio Society	IARS
Ireland	Irish Radio Transmitters Society	IRTS
Israel	Israel Amateur Radio Club	IARC
Italy	Associazione Radioamatori Italiani	ARI
Jordan	Royal Jordanian Radio Amateur Society	RJRAS
Kazakhstan	Kazakhstan Federation of Radiosport and Radio Amateur	KFRR
Kenya	Amateur Radio Society of Kenya	ARSK
Kosovo	Shoqata e Radio Amatoreve te Kosoves	SHRAK
Kuwait	Kuwait Amateur Radio Society	KARS
Latvia	Latvijas Radio Amatieru Līga	LRAL
Lebanon	Radio Amateurs of Lebanon	RAL
Lesotho	Lesotho Amateur Radio Society	LARS
Liberia	Liberia Radio Amateur Association	LRAA
Liechtenstein	Amateurfunk Verein Liechtenstein	AFVL
Lithuania	Lietuvos Radijo Mėgėjų Draugija	LRMD
Luxembourg	Luxembourg Amateur Radio Society	RL
Macedonia	Radioamaterski Sojuz na Makedonija	RSM
Mali	Club des Radioamateurs et Affilies du Mali	CRAM
Malta	Malta Amateur Radio League	MARL
Mauritius	Mauritius Amateur Radio Society	MARS
Moldova	Asociația Radioamatorilor din Moldova	ARM
Monaco	Association des Radio-Amateurs de Monaco	ARM
Mongolia	Mongolian Radio Sport Federation	MRSF
Montenegro	Montenegrin Amateur Radio Pool	MARP
Morocco	Association Royale des Radio Amateurs du Maroc	ARRAM
Mozambique	Liga dos Rádio Emissores de Moçambique	LREM
Namibia	Namibian Amateur Radio League	NARL
Netherlands	Vereniging voor Experimenteel Radio Onderzoek Nederland	VERON
Nigeria	Nigeria Amateur Radio Society	NARS
Norway	Norsk Radio Relæ Liga	NRRL
Oman	Royal Omani Amateur Radio Society	ROARS
Poland	Polski Związek Krótkofalowców	PZK
Portugal	Rede dos Emissores Portugueses	REP
Qatar	Qatar Amateur Radio Society	QARS
Romania	Federaţia Română de Radioamatorism	FRR
Rwanda	Rwanda Amateur Radio Union	RARU
Russia	Russian Amateur Radio Union	SRR
San Marino	Associazione Radioamatori della Repubblica di San Marino	ARRSM
Senegal	Association des Radio-Amateurs du Senegal	ARAS
Serbia	Savez Radio-Amatera Srbije	SRS
Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone Amateur Radio Society	SLARS
Slovakia	Slovenský Zväz Rádioamatérov	SZR
Slovenia	Zveza Radioamaterjev Slovenije	ZRS
South Africa	South African Radio League	SARL
Spain	Unión de Radioaficionados Españoles	URE
Swaziland	Radio Society of Swaziland	RSS
Sweden	Föreningen Sveriges Sändareamatörer	SSA
Switzerland	Union of Swiss Short Wave Amateurs	USKA
Syria	Syrian Scientific Technical Amateur Radio Society	SSTARS
Tajikistan	Tajik Amateur Radio League	TARL
Tanzania	Tanzania Amateur Radio Club	TARC
Tunisia	Association des Radio Amateurs Tunisiens	ARAT
Turkey	Telsiz ve Radyo Amatörleri Cemiyeti	TRAC
Turkmenistan	Liga Radiolyubiteley Turkmenistana	LRT
Uganda	Uganda Amateur Radio Society	UARS
Ukraine	Ukrainian Amateur Radio League	UARL
United Arab Emirates	Emirates Amateur Radio Society	EARS
United Kingdom	Radio Society of Great Britain	RSGB
Yemen	No representation—ham radio prohibited
Zambia	Radio Society of Zambia	RSZ
Zimbabwe	Zimbabwe Amateur Radio Society	ZARS

IARU Region 2

IARU Region 2 Member Societies.

IARU Region 2 includes the member societies representing amateur radio operators in Americas. The organization of IARU Region 2 was founded in 1964 when representatives from 15 national radio societies attended the First Panamerican Radio Amateur Congress in Mexico City, Mexico. Antonio Pita, XE1CCP was the region's first elected President.^[11]

Country	Member Society	Abbreviation
Anguilla	Anguilla Amateur Radio Society	AARS
Antigua and Barbuda	Antigua and Barbuda Amateur Radio Society	ABARS
Argentina	Radio Club Argentino	RCA
Aruba	Aruba Amateur Radio Club	AARC
Bahamas	Bahamas Amateur Radio Society	BARS
Barbados	Amateur Radio Society of Barbados	ARSB
Belize	Belize Amateur Radio Club	BARC
Bermuda	Radio Society of Bermuda	RSB
Bolivia	Radio Club Boliviano	RCB
Brazil	Liga de Amadores Brasileiros de Rádio Emissão	LABRE
British Virgin Islands	British Virgin Islands Radio League	BVIRL
Canada	Radio Amateurs of Canada	RAC
Cayman Islands	Cayman Amateur Radio Society	CARS
Chile	Radio Club de Chile	RCCH
Colombia	Liga Colombiana de Radioaficionados	LCRA
Costa Rica	Radio Club de Costa Rica	RCCR
Cuba	Federacion de Radioaficionados de Cuba	FRC
Dominica	Dominica Amateur Radio Club	DARCI
Dominican Republic	Radio Club Dominicano	RCD
Ecuador	Guayaquil Radio Club	GRC
El Salvador	Club de Radio Aficionados de El Salvador	CRAS
Grenada	Grenada Amateur Radio Club	GARC
Guatemala	Club de Radioaficionados de Guatemala	CRAG
Guyana	Guyana Amateur Radio Association	GARA
Haiti	Radio Club d'Haïti	RCH
Honduras	Radio Club de Honduras	RCH
Jamaica	Jamaica Amateur Radio Association	JARA
Mexico	Federacion Mexicana de Radio Experimentadores	FMRE
Montserrat	Montserrat Amateur Radio Society	MARS
Netherlands Antilles	Vereniging voor Experimenteel Radio Onderzoek in de Nederlandse Antillen	VERONA
Nicaragua	Club de Radioexperimentadores de Nicaragua	CREN
Panama	Liga Panameña de Radioaficionados	LPRA
Paraguay	Radio Club Paraguayo	RCP
Peru	Radio Club Peruano	RCP
Suriname	Vereniging van Radio Amateurs in Suriname	VRAS
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad and Tobago Amateur Radio Society	TTARS
Turks and Caicos Islands	Turks and Caicos Amateur Radio Society	TACARS
United States	American Radio Relay League	ARRL
Uruguay	Radio Club Uruguayo	RCU
Venezuela	Radio Club Venezolano	RCV

IARU Region 3

IARU Region 3 Member Societies.

IARU Region 3 includes member societies representing amateur radio operators in Australia, most of Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Although most of their membership is located in other IARU regions, the American Radio Relay League and the Radio Society of Great Britain are full member societies of IARU Region 3. The ARRL represents amateur radio operators in American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas, and other dependent territories in the Pacific Ocean. The RSGB represents amateur radio operators in the British Indian Ocean Territory. IARU Region 3 has a special emphasis on promoting the harmonization of license qualifications in an effort to promote easier reciprocal operations by amateur radio operators in the region.^[12]

Country	Member Society	Abbreviation
Australia	Wireless Institute of Australia	WIA
Bangladesh	Bangladesh Amateur Radio League	BARL
Brunei	Brunei Darussalam Amateur Radio Association	BDARA
China	Chinese Radio Sports Association	CRSA
Republic of China	Chinese Taipei Amateur Radio League	CTARL
Fiji	Fiji Association of Radio Amateurs	FARA
French Polynesia	Club Oceanien de Radio et d'Astronomie	CORA
Hong Kong	Hong Kong Amateur Radio Transmitting Society	HARTS
India	Amateur Radio Society of India	ARSI
Indonesia	Organisasi Amatir Radio Indonesia	ORARI
Japan	Japan Amateur Radio League	JARL
Macau	Associação dos Radioamadores de Macau	ARM
Malaysia	Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society	MARTS
Myanmar	Burma Amateur Radio Transmitting Society	BARTS
New Caledonia	Association des Radio-Amateurs de Nouvelle-Calédonie	ARANC
New Zealand	New Zealand Association of Radio Transmitters	NZART
North Korea	No representation—ham radio prohibited
Pakistan	Pakistan Amateur Radio Society	PARS
Papua New Guinea	Papua New Guinea Amateur Radio Society	PNGARS
Philippines	Philippine Amateur Radio Association	PARA
Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island Amateur Radio Association	PIARA
Samoa	Samoa Amateur Radio Club	SARC
Singapore	Singapore Amateur Radio Transmitting Society	SARTS
Solomon Islands	Solomon Islands Radio Society	SIRS
South Korea	Korean Amateur Radio League	KARL
Sri Lanka	Radio Society of Sri Lanka	RSSL
Thailand	Radio Amateur Society of Thailand	RAST
Tonga	Amateur Radio Club of Tonga	ARCOT
Vanuatu	Vanuatu Amateur Radio Society	VARS
Vietnam	Vietnam Amateur Radio Club	VARC

GAREC - Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conferences

The Global Amateur Radio Emergency Communications Conference or "GAREC" is a yearly conference held by the International Amateur Radio Union for discussion of amateur radio operation during natural disasters and other emergencies with the motto, "Saving lives through emergency communications".^[13] GAREC was first held in Tampere, Finland in 2005, coinciding with the adoption of the Tampere Convention, a globally binding emergency communications treaty that had been signed in Tampere in 1998.^[14] In later conferences, the venue has attempted to rotate in sequence through ITU Regions 1, 2 and 3 (though not necessarily in that particular order).

Radiosport

The IARU organises and promotes radiosport activities throughout the world. The IARU promulgates the rules used for high-speed telegraphy and sponsors regional and world championships. The IARU also promulgates the rules used by most competitions in amateur radio direction finding, including IARU-sponsored regional and world championships. The IARU also sponsors the annual IARU HF World Championship in amateur radio contesting. The IARU does not directly administer any of these radiosport events, but authorises and sponsors them through host organisations.^[15]

Operating Station and the WAC Award

The IARU maintains a radio station at its headquarters in Newington, Connecticut. Its callsign is NU1AW. As an amateur radio station licensed by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission the "1" stands for its location in the New England area. "NU" was taken from the pre-1928 era when amateurs made up their own prefixes, and informally used these letters to show they were in "North America—USA". The "AW" suffix represents the connection with the American Radio Relay League, whose own station is W1AW. NU1AW is frequently active during amateur radio contests.^[16]

For many years the IARU has issued the Worked All Continents certificate to amateurs who contact fellow hams in the six permanently populated continental areas of the world. Special awards and endorsements for various bands and modes are also available.

References

^ ^a^b^c International Amateur Radio Union (2007). "The International Amateur Radio Union". Oct. 22, 2007.

^ International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "Member Societies". Jan. 7, 2005.

^ IARU Constitution Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine

^ ^a^b International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "Constitution of the International Amateur Radio Union" Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Jan. 11, 2005.

^ Clinton B. DeSoto (1936). 200 meters & Down — The Story of Amateur Radio. W. Hartford, CT: The American Radio Relay League. pp. 106–109. ISBN 0-87259-001-1..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ Sumner, David (2000). "IARU 75th Anniversary, 18 April 2000" Archived 14 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Calendar, International Amateur Radio Union, No. 180, March 15, 2000.

^ editeur Etienne Chiron 40 rue de Seine Paris 1925

^ American Radio Relay League (2009). "IARU Member-Societies Ratify New Officers, Vote to Admit New Members". Retrieved February 19, 2009.

^ International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "The IARU International Secretariat". January 11, 2005.

^ International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 (2008). "About IARU and IARU Region 1" Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

^ International Amateur Radio Union (2008). "IARU-R2 History". Retrieved Aug. 5, 2008.

^ International Amateur Radio Union Region 3 (2008). "Directory" Archived 2013-04-15 at Archive.today. Retrieved Aug. 5, 2008.

^ http://www.iaru.org/garecnet/

^ The Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-13.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link). Accessed 13 August 2007.

^ International Amateur Radio Union (2007). "IARU Contests". Jul. 23, 2007. Archived January 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

^ International Amateur Radio Union (1996). NU1AW: IARU's Club Station Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved November 30, 2008.

External links

IARU web site
- Current list of IARU Member Societies

IARU Region 1 web site

IARU Region 2 web site

IARU Region 3 web site

[iaru-1] International Amateur Radio Union (2007). "The International Amateur Radio Union". Oct. 22, 2007.

[member_societies-2] International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "Member Societies". Jan. 7, 2005.

[3] IARU Constitution Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine

[constitution-4] International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "Constitution of the International Amateur Radio Union" Archived 2008-02-20 at the Wayback Machine. Jan. 11, 2005.

[5] Clinton B. DeSoto (1936). 200 meters & Down — The Story of Amateur Radio. W. Hartford, CT: The American Radio Relay League. pp. 106–109. ISBN 0-87259-001-1..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[history-6] Sumner, David (2000). "IARU 75th Anniversary, 18 April 2000" Archived 14 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The Calendar, International Amateur Radio Union, No. 180, March 15, 2000.

[7] teur Etienne Chiron 40 rue de Seine Paris 1925

[iaru_feb_2009-8] American Radio Relay League (2009). "IARU Member-Societies Ratify New Officers, Vote to Admit New Members". Retrieved February 19, 2009.

[secretariat-9] International Amateur Radio Union (2005). "The IARU International Secretariat". January 11, 2005.

[r1_whatis-10] International Amateur Radio Union Region 1 (2008). "About IARU and IARU Region 1" Archived 2008-09-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 5, 2008.

[r2_history-11] International Amateur Radio Union (2008). "IARU-R2 History". Retrieved Aug. 5, 2008.

[r3_committees-12] International Amateur Radio Union Region 3 (2008). "Directory" Archived 2013-04-15 at Archive.today. Retrieved Aug. 5, 2008.

[13] ttp://www.iaru.org/garecnet/

[14] The Tampere Convention on the Provision of Telecommunication Resources for Disaster Mitigation and Relief Operations. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-13.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link). Accessed 13 August 2007.

[radiosport-15] International Amateur Radio Union (2007). "IARU Contests". Jul. 23, 2007. Archived January 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[16] International Amateur Radio Union (1996). NU1AW: IARU's Club Station Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved November 30, 2008.

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