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West Carroll Parish
; West Carroll Parish, Louisiana;
	Parish
	Parish of West Carroll
	; West Carroll Parish Courthouse in Oak Grove;
	; ; Location within the U.S. state of Louisiana;
	; ; Louisiana's location within the U.S.;
Founded	March 26, 1877
Named for	Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Seat	Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish
Largest town	Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish
Area
• Total	361 sq mi (935 km2)
• Land	360 sq mi (932 km2)
• Water	0.9 sq mi (2 km2), 0.3%
Population (est.)
• (2015)	11,293
• Density	32/sq mi (12/km2)
Congressional district	5th
Time zone	; Central: UTC−6/−5;

Parish in the United States

The West Carroll Parish Library in Oak Grove

Historic Fiske Theatre in Oak Grove has served West Carroll Parish since 1928.

First Baptist Church in Oak Grove is one of the larger congregations in West Carroll Parish, located across from Oak Grove City Hall; pastor Randy J. Messer (since 1993)

West Carroll Parish (French: Paroisse de Carroll Ouest) is a parish located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,604.^[1] The parish seat is Oak Grove.^[2] The parish was founded in 1877, when Carroll Parish was divided.^[3]

The area of cotton culture in Louisiana in parishes along this part of the Mississippi River was also referred to as the Natchez District. It included the parishes of East Carroll (after the split in 1877), Concordia, Madison and Tensas.^[4]

History

Before being divided, Carroll Parish was named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, Maryland, the only Roman Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence and the last surviving signer of the document. It was organized by European Americans after the Louisiana Purchase.

West Carroll Parish has a long history of inhabitants who predated the formation of the United States by thousands of years. For a complete history of West Carroll Parish, see Between the Rivers by Florence McKoin, Claitor’s Publishing Company of Baton Rouge.

On the south end of West Carroll Parish is Poverty Point, a nearly square-mile complex of ancient major earthwork semi-circles and radiating lanes, plus additional platform mounds. This is one of the largest Native American earthworks in North America. Archeologists have determined that the site was built in the Late Archaic period beginning about 1500 BCE, and it was the central trading grounds for the Poverty Point culture that occupied the lower Mississippi River Valley. It has been referred to as the New York City of more than two millennia ago. Artifacts show trading reached to present-day Georgia and Great Lakes states such as Wisconsin. Later historic tribes in the area included the Choctaw and Chickasaw.

Though the area was explored by many French and Spanish in the 16th through 18th centuries, they did not establish permanent settlements, favoring areas on rivers with more direct access to the Gulf and major markets.

US annexation and development

After the United States' Louisiana Purchase of 1803, all of Northeast Louisiana was considered part of Ouachita Parish, including West Carroll. In 1807, a Methodist minister, Moses Floyd, settled on the west bank of the Bayou Macon. Later a trading post known as "Floyd" developed, and the village began to grow. It developed less than a mile from the Poverty Point site.

As the European-American population of Ouachita Parish continued to increase, the area was organized into smaller parishes; in 1832 Carroll Parish was carved out of Ouachita by the state legislature. This was in the period of Indian Removal, when most members of local tribes were moved to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) in order to extinguish their land claims in Louisiana.

The parish seat was located in Lake Providence on the banks of the Mississippi River. Throughout the early part of the 19th century, the European-American population of the western portion of Carroll Parish continued to grow; its economy was based mainly on cotton production and timber. By 1855 the population had grown to the point where there were enough votes to move the parish seat west of the Bayou Macon and Floyd was selected. This area had developed into a thriving trading post due to steamboat traffic on the Macon. In 1856 construction began on the new courthouse, which was finished in late 1857.

With the move of the parish seat, more professionals and tradesmen settled in Floyd, and the town grew markedly. It developed as a typical frontier town with a hotel, post office, general store, and saloons.

In January 1861 the Louisiana Legislature voted to secede from the Union and declare itself a free and sovereign state. Less than two months later, Louisiana joined the Confederacy. According to the book, Between the Rivers, the war resulted in a divide that would eventually lead to the creation of West Carroll Parish:

When the Confederate Flag flew over the court house in Floyd, it was saluted by nearly everyone, but not so with our neighbors across the river. Plantation|Planters to the east, either out of conviction to their consciences or to save their property, signed an oath of allegiance to the United States, thus bringing a rift among neighbors who were willing to lose everything including their lives, for the cause of the South; and, they felt very bitter toward any neighbor signing such an oath.

(Note: This oath was required after Union forces occupied Louisiana.)

There was little fighting in this area associated with the Civil War. Union efforts were focused on trying to gain and maintain control of the Mississippi River, especially at Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Some historians believed that insurgent activity, such as the Quantrill Gang, which operated primarily in Missouri, replaced regular forces. This area was isolated and vast lowland swamps surrounded Floyd. Frank James was said to come through with Quantrill in the winter of 1863-1864, on their way to and from Texas. In the early 1870s during Reconstruction, Frank and his brother Jesse James continued their outlaw activities, robbing banks for personal gain from Missouri to Texas.

During the Reconstruction era, local leaders opposed those appointed by the federally appointed state government. Some people worked against the provision of rights to freedmen. In the 1870s, chapters of the White League developed throughout Louisiana, paramilitary groups that intimidated Republicans, suppressed voting by freedmen, and supported white Democrats returning to power in the state legislature.

Post-Reconstruction to present

Federal troops were withdrawn from the state in March 1877 as part of a federal compromise. Soon after white Democrats regained power in the state legislature, they approved the creation of West Carroll Parish, which had a majority-white population. Initially it had a population of 800 people and 200 families, both white and black. East Carroll Parish was majority black, as it had been the center of cotton plantation agriculture, dependent on the labor of numerous enslaved African Americans. After emancipation, they voted in support of the Republican Party.

Cotton and timber continued to be the life-blood of the new parish, although areas dependent on agriculture in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century had economic difficulties. The parish had ten cotton gins and three sawmills, and steamboats continued to run Bayou Macon as the main hub of transportation. Steamboat traffic on the Boeuf and Macon rivers dwindled due to the competition of railways constructed through the South. With the railroad, parish towns began to develop along the north-south road (La. 17). Among these were Pioneer, Forest, Oak Grove and Kilbourne. Closest to the parish seat and with a major sawmill, Pioneer grew rapidly.

In January 1909, Oak Grove was incorporated. Many of the parish’s prominent citizens, such as Leopold Lipp, considered it as the intersection of the North-South and East-West (La. 2) roads. It was to become the economic center of the parish in the near future.

In 1915, an election was held to move the parish seat from Floyd to a town located on the railroad. The two towns competing for the honor were Oak Grove and Pioneer. With the largest population living in the south end of the parish, the people of Pioneer felt confident they would get the seat; but, the people of the north end of the parish gained the selection of Oak Grove by a small margin. With the parish seat moved, Pioneer began to decline.

In 1916, construction began on the new courthouse at Oak Grove. Before it was completed, a hail storm and tornado devastated the town late that year. It destroyed the first theater, a large majority of the new courthouse, and many other buildings in town. In January 1917 the new courthouse was opened, and so began of the modern era of Oak Grove. Its Main Street had businesses varying from general stores, drug stores, a modern theater, cafes, two banks and more.

The economy of the parish continued to be dominated by the timber and cotton industry. In the early part of the 20th century, Donald B. Fiske opened a state-of the art cotton gin and compress to complement his sawmill. It became one of the largest employers of the parish.

After World War II, the town and parish continued to prosper with new industry and business. In 1950, the most modern movie theatre in the South was opened by Fiske, and it is still in operation today. In this area, farmers began to cultivate sweet potatoes rather than cotton. The textile industry gradually moved out of southern mills to offshore locations out of the United States. A cannery was built along the railroad, and operated until near the end of the 20th century.

In the 1960s and 1970s, city growth continued, with the construction of a modern hospital and nursing home, and the Wells Lamont garment factory. In 1969 the entrepreneur Shelton Ruffin built a pre-manufactured pole barn for personal use. Its style and construction quickly gained in popularity around the region, thus spurring the formation of Ruffin Building Systems. It is now one of the largest manufacturers of metal buildings in the South and ships buildings internationally.

With the coming of the 1980s and the rise of the large department stores in malls, business on Main Street began to decline. But this historic district continues to remain vibrant with over 50 percent of its buildings occupied.

By the early 21st century, entertainment and retail shopping have become major parts of the economy in West Carroll. In 2004 the Thomas Jason Lingo Community Center opened with a 1,000-seat auditorium; it has many live events each year. The Fiske Theatre has been renovated and returned to regular operation as a first-run movie theatre. Both of these venues attract families from all over Northeast Louisiana and Southeast Arkansas to the parish for entertainment. The opening of a Super Wal-Mart in 2006 has contributed to West Carroll becoming a regional retail hub.

Today agriculture is still king in West Carroll; the main crops are corn, rice, cotton, and sweet potatoes. But the largest employers are West Carroll Health Systems, West Carroll School Board, Ruffin Building Systems, and Wal-Mart. West Carroll has five banking institutions to serve people’s financial needs.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of 361 square miles (930 km²), of which 360 square miles (930 km²) is land and 0.9 square miles (2.3 km²) (0.3%) is water.^[5]

Major highways

Louisiana Highway 2

Louisiana Highway 17

Adjacent counties and parishes

Chicot County, Arkansas (north)

East Carroll Parish (east)

Richland Parish (south)

Morehouse Parish (west)

National protected area

Poverty Point National Monument

Law enforcement

The West Carroll Sheriff's Office provides full-time law enforcement for the parish and has seventeen full-time deputies. Jerry Philley serves as sheriff.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1880	2,776		—
1890	3,748		35.0%
1900	3,685		−1.7%
1910	6,249		69.6%
1920	8,857		41.7%
1930	13,895		56.9%
1940	19,252		38.6%
1950	17,248		−10.4%
1960	14,177		−17.8%
1970	13,028		−8.1%
1980	12,922		−0.8%
1990	12,093		−6.4%
2000	12,314		1.8%
2010	11,604		−5.8%
Est. 2016	11,114	^[6]	−4.2%
U.S. Decennial Census^[7] 1790-1960^[8] 1900-1990^[9] 1990-2000^[10] 2010-2013^[1]

2010

Whereas according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau:

81.8% White

15.7% Black

0.4% Native American

0.2% Asian

0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

1.0% Two or more races

2.6% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)

2000

As of the census^[11] of 2000, there were 12,314 people, 4,458 households, and 3,249 families residing in the parish. The population density was 34 people per square mile (13/km²). There were 4,980 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile (5/km²). The racial makeup of the parish was 79.89% White, 18.88% Black or African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. 1.35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,458 households out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.80% were married couples living together, 12.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.10% were non-families. 24.80% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the parish the population was spread out with 25.60% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 26.50% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 102.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.50 males.

The median income for a household in the parish was $24,637, and the median income for a family was $31,806. Males had a median income of $28,211 versus $18,477 for females. The per capita income for the parish was $12,302. About 18.20% of families and 23.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.80% of those under age 18 and 22.30% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

West Carroll Parish, unlike the smaller in population East Carroll Parish, is majority white, with a population that has strongly favored the Republican since the late 20th century in presidential elections. In 2012, Mitt Romney polled 3,628 ballots (79.8 percent) of the vote, with 853 votes (18.8 percent) for U.S. President Barack Obama. The 80-19 split nearly parallels the racial composition of West Carroll. In majority African American East Carroll Parish, however, Obama won nearly 62 percent of the ballots.^[12] In 2008, Obama received 878 votes (17.6 percent), compared to Republican U.S. Senator John McCain's 4,045 votes (81.1 percent).^[13]

In 1992, the two major party presidential candidates virtually split West Carroll Parish. Republican U.S. President George H.W. Bush prevailed with 2,082 votes (40.7 percent) to Bill Clinton's 2,068 (40.4 percent). Ross Perot of Texas, running that year as an Independent, held another 771 votes (15.1 percent).^[14] In 1988, Bush handily defeated Michael Dukakis in West Carroll Parish, 3,077 (64.1 percent) to 1,607 (33.5 percent).^[15]

The last Democrat to win the presidential contest in West Carroll Parish was Jimmy Carter of Georgia in his 1976 defeat of U.S. President Gerald Ford, Jr.^[16]

Presidential elections results

**Presidential elections results**^[17]
Year	Republican	Democratic	Third parties
2016	83.4% 3,970	15.0% 715	1.6% 74
2012	79.8% 3,628	18.8% 853	1.5% 67
2008	81.1% 4,045	17.6% 878	1.3% 64
2004	74.3% 3,740	24.5% 1,231	1.2% 62
2000	68.9% 3,220	28.2% 1,319	2.9% 136
1996	49.7% 2,366	38.9% 1,853	11.4% 545
1992	40.7% 2,082	40.4% 2,068	19.0% 970
1988	64.1% 3,077	33.5% 1,607	2.4% 113
1984	70.8% 3,874	27.0% 1,474	2.2% 121
1980	60.1% 3,430	37.1% 2,118	2.9% 164
1976	47.1% 2,407	50.8% 2,595	2.2% 110
1972	77.2% 2,997	14.7% 571	8.0% 312
1968	12.9% 585	8.7% 395	78.5% 3,574
1964	88.4% 3,017	11.6% 395
1960	30.6% 742	32.4% 784	37.0% 897
1956	25.1% 658	33.4% 875	41.5% 1,089
1952	40.7% 1,398	59.3% 2,040
1948	6.6% 151	40.1% 921	53.3% 1,225
1944	29.5% 581	70.5% 1,390
1940	16.2% 362	83.8% 1,876
1936	13.9% 232	86.1% 1,440
1932	2.1% 31	97.9% 1,471
1928	24.1% 214	75.9% 673
1924	16.2% 68	81.6% 342	2.2% 9
1920	22.1% 104	73.6% 346	4.3% 20
1916	4.3% 14	95.1% 311	0.6% 2
1912	0.4% 1	63.4% 159	36.3% 91

Education

West Carroll Parish public schools are operated by the West Carroll Parish School Board. The public school system consist of four high schools and five elementary schools that consistently rank at the top of the state in test scores and on the athletic field.

National Guard

The 921ST Engineer Company (Vertical) of the 528th Engineer Brigade resides in Oak Grove, Louisiana.

Communities

Map of West Carroll Parish, Louisiana With Municipal Labels

Towns

Oak Grove (parish seat)

Villages

Epps

Forest

Kilbourne

Pioneer

Unincorporated communities

Prison

Name	Address	Zip	Aged
West Carroll Parish Detention Center	180 Capital Bank Dr, Epps, Louisiana	71237	18+

Notable people

Roy A. Burrell (born 1952), Democratic member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for Caddo and Bossier parishes since 2004; native of West Carroll Parish^[18]

Michael "Mike" Corley (born 1961), Christian minister and radio broadcaster was reared near Poverty Point along the Bayou Macon, just east of Epps.

Lee Fletcher (1966–2009), Republican political consultant

Vance McAllister (born January 1974), Republican candidate in Louisiana's 5th congressional district special election, 2013; in runoff with Republican State Senator Neil Riser on November 16, 2013, native of West Carroll Parish; businessman in Monroe

Bill Myrick (born 1926), Country music figure in Odessa, Texas

W. Spencer Myrick (1913–2002), member of both houses of the Louisiana State Legislature from West Carroll Parish

J. Kelly Nix (born 1934), Louisiana education superintendent from 1976 to 1984

Dave L. Pearce (1904–1984), the Democratic state commissioner of agriculture from 1952 to 1956 and again from 1960 to 1976, was reared in West Carroll Parish and graduated from the former high school in Pioneer.

Tony Joe White (born 1943), an American singer-songwriter and guitarist best known for his 1969 hit "Polk Salad Annie"

Henry L. Yelverton (1928–2009), Democrat state trial and appellate court judge based in Lake Charles, was reared in the Macon Ridge section of West Carroll Parish.

References

^ ^a^b "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.

^ "West Carroll Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 5, 2014.

^ John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862--1880, LSU Press, 2001, p. 176

^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.

^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

^ "West Carroll Parish: 2012 presidential election returns". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 11, 2012.

^ "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 4, 2008". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

^ "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 3, 1992". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

^ "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 8, 1988". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

^ Louisiana Secretary of State, 1976 presidential election returns by parish

^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-03-07.

^ "Representative Roy A. Burrell". Louisiana Association of Business and Industry. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

Coordinates: 32°47′N 91°27′W / 32.79°N 91.45°W / 32.79; -91.45

[QF-1] "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2013..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

[GR6-2] "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.

[3] "West Carroll Parish". Center for Cultural and Eco-Tourism. Retrieved September 5, 2014.

[4] John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862--1880, LSU Press, 2001, p. 176

[GR1-5] "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

[USCensusEst2016-6] "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.

[7] "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

[8] "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

[9] "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

[10] "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 2, 2014.

[GR2-11] "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.

[12] "West Carroll Parish: 2012 presidential election returns". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 11, 2012.

[13] "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 4, 2008". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[14] "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 3, 1992". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[15] "West Carroll Parish presidential election returns, November 8, 1988". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved November 18, 2012.

[16] Louisiana Secretary of State, 1976 presidential election returns by parish

[17] Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 2018-03-07.

[18] "Representative Roy A. Burrell". Louisiana Association of Business and Industry. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

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