敕書




敕書今簡作敕（異體字簡稱：勅[1]、勑[2]、飭[3]）是君主制國家的一種文件。




目录






  • 1 中國


  • 2 英國


  • 3 日本


  • 4 相關條目


  • 5 参考文献





中國


敕書是中國皇帝行文予朝臣的詔書[4][5]（敕書是詔書的一種，敕書不等於詔書）。敕書在南北朝起才專指皇帝寫給臣僚的詔書[5]，其實「敕」在漢朝至晉朝期間泛指長輩或官吏對後輩或幕僚的告誡。


明朝時，皇帝有一種專門頒贈給女真人的「敕書」，是一種來經商的「貿易許可証」或者「通行証」，故成為女真人爭奪的重要物品。



英國


「敕書」亦是英文「Command paper」的意譯。英國政府、皇家委員會（Royal Commissions）等國家機構或公營機構提交予英國國會的白皮書、綠皮書也算作敕書。雖然到國會報告的人未必是英國君主，但因為報告者的身分是「英國君主的代表」，故這種報告通稱「敕書」。英國的敕書在1870年起使用至今。在不同年代，敕令編號前的「Command」字縮寫都不同：























C. 1870年–1899年
Cd. 1900年–1918年
Cmd. 1919年–1956年
Cmnd. 1956年–1986年
Cm. 1986年–今

敕令由The Stationery Office為The Office of Public Sector Information出版。



日本


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日語寫法
日語原文
勅書
假名
ちょくしょ
平文式罗马字
Choku Sho

日本的敕書稱之為「勅書」，是日本天皇寫予特定人物或組織的文件（並不一定是寫予朝臣）。



相關條目


  • 詔書


参考文献





  1. ^ 《集韻》：蓄力切，音敕。誡也。本作勑。或作飭。


  2. ^ 《洪武正韻》：誡也，正也，固也。又通作敕；《集韻》：或作勅、飭。


  3. ^ 《前漢‧武帝紀》：飭躬齋戒。又與敕同。命令也。


  4. ^ 《現代漢語詞典章（漢英雙語）》2002年增補本第266頁，外國研究出版社，ISBN 7-5600-3195-1


  5. ^ 5.05.1 《漢典》「敕」 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-04-06.詞條，「詞性變化」段。









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