Tungusic peoples
1612 map showing Tungusic land, by Isaac Massa
Tungusic peoples are the peoples who speak Tungusic languages. They inhabit Eastern Siberia and Northeast Asia.
During the 17th century, the Tsardom of Russia was expanding east across Siberia, and into Tungusic-speaking lands, ending with the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk. The first published description of a Tungusic people to reach beyond Russia into the rest of Europe was by the Dutch traveler Isaac Massa in 1612. He passed along information from Russian reports after his stay in Moscow.[1]
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Location
3 Peoples
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Etymology
The word Tungus derives from "Donki", which means "men" in Tungusic languages. Some scholars think it was derived from the Chinese word Donghu (東胡, "Eastern Barbarians", cf. Tonggu 通古 = Tungusic).[2] This "chance similarity in modern pronunciation led to the once widely held assumption that the Eastern Hu were Tungusic in language. However, there is little basis for this theory."[3]
Location
Tunguska rivers, forming the western boundary
The word originated in Tunguska, a region of eastern Siberia bounded on the west by the Tunguska rivers[4] and on the east by the Pacific Ocean.
The largest group of Tungusic peoples are the Manchu, who in the 21st century number around 10 million. They are originally from Manchuria, which is now Northeast China and Russian Far East. Following their conquest of China in the 17th century, they have been almost totally assimilated into the main Han population of China. This process accelerated especially during the 20th century. The Sibe are a Manchu subgroup.
The Evenks live in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The Udege (Удэгейцы' in Russian; ethnonym: удээ and удэхе, or udee and udehe correspondingly) are a people who live in the Primorsky Krai and Khabarovsk Krai regions, also in Russia.
Genetic studies have revealed that 2–3% of the Tungusic people have Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA - from the maternal line) classified as haplogroup Y. Tungusic people show more genetic connections to East-Asians than to Central-Asians.
Several theories suggest that the Pannonian Avars of the Avar Khaganate in Central-, East- and Southeast-Europe were of Tungusic origin or of partially Tungusic origin (ruler class).[5]
Peoples
Distribution of the Tungusic languages
■ means the ethnic group is mainly distributed in China.
■ means the ethnic group is mainly distributed both in China and Russia.
■ means the ethnic group is mainly distributed in Russia.
Tungusic peoples are:
| English | Chinese / Russian | self designation | Region | Population | Notesp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manchu | 满族（满洲）/Маньчжуры | .mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"} ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ（Möllendorff：manju, abkai：manju） | Liaoning Pro., Jilin Pro., Heilongjiang Pro., Inner Mongolia A.R., Hebei Pro., Beijing etc., People's Republic of China[6] |  China: 10,410,585 (2010)[7] |  Taiwan: 12000[8]
|
Oroqen | 鄂伦春族/Орочоны | Orocen A.B., Hulun buir city etc., Inner Mongolia A.R., People's Republic of China | China: 8,659 (2010)[11] | ||
Xibe | 锡伯族/Сибо | ᠰᡞᠪᡝ（Transliterations：sibe） | Qapqal Xibe A.C., Ili kazakh A.P. etc., Xinjiang Uyghur A.R., Liaoning Pro., People's Republic of China | China: 190,481 (2010)[12] | also have settlement in Khorgas, Tarbagatai, Ürümqi , beyond 1000 in Jilin Pro., Heilongjiang Pro., Inner Mongolia A.R., Beijing, People's Republic of China. |
Evenki (Solons included) | 鄂温克族、埃文基人/Эвенки | Эвэнкил | Ergun City, Arun Banner, Old Barag Banner, Oroqen A.B., Morin Dawa Daur A.B. etc., Inner Mongolia A.R.; Nehe City, Heilongjiang Pro., People's Republic of China. Sakhalin Oblast. Khabarovsk Krai, Amur Oblast, Buryatia Rep., Zabaykalsky Krai, Evenk Autonomous Okrug (Evenkia), Sakha (Yakutia) Rep., Irkutsk Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Russian Federation. |  Russia: 38,396 (2012)[13]
|  Mongolia: 537(2015)[15]
|
Nanai, Hezhen, Golds, Samagir | 赫哲族、那乃人、纳奈人/нанайцы | na nio, na bəi, na nai, ki lən, χə d͡ʑən | Jiejinkou, Bacha, Jiamusi City; Sipai, Shuangyashan City etc., Heilongjiang Pro., People's Republic of China. Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation | Russia: 12,160 (2002)[17]
| |
Evens | 埃文人/эвены | эвэсэл | Chukotka A.O.[19], Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, Russian Federation | Russia: 22,383 (2012)[13] |  Ukraine: 104 (2001)[20] |
Negidals | 涅吉达尔人/негидальцы | элькан бэйэнин | Khabarovsk Krai, Russian Federation | Russia: 513 (2012)[21] | Ukraine: 52(2001)[22] |
Uilta, Orok | 乌尔他人、鄂罗克人/Ороки | Uilta, Orok, Ul'ta, Ulcha, Nani | Nogliksky District, Poronaysky District, Sakhalin Oblast, Russian Federation. Abashiri City, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan | Russia: 295 (2012)[23] |  Japan: 20(1989) |
Ulch | 乌尔奇人/Ульчи | нани | Ulchsky District, Khabarovsk Krai, Russian Federation | Russia: 2,765 (2012)[24] | Ukraine: 76 |
Oroch | 奥罗奇人/О́рочи | Nani | Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin Oblast, Magadan Oblast, Russian Federation | Russia: 596 (2010)[25] | Ukraine: 288(2001) |
Udege | 乌德赫人/Удэгейцы | удээ, удэхе, Udihe, Udekhe, Udeghe | Khabarovsk Krai, Primorsky Krai, Russian Federation | Russia: 1,496 (2010)[26] | Ukraine: 42(2001)[27] |
Gallery
The Manchu people in Fuzhou in 1915
A Manchu guard
An Evenks wooden home
Sibo Sibe military colonists (1885)
An Udege family
Tungus man in Vorogovo, Siberia (1914)
A Manchu man in traditional clothing
See also
- Eskeri
- Xeglun
References
Mile Nedeljković, Leksikon naroda sveta, Beograd, 2001.
^ [1] Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 4. By Donald F. Lach
^ [2] The Collected Works of M.A. Czap Marie Antoinette Czaplicka, p. 88
^ Pulleyblank (1983), p. 452
^ The Languages of the Seat of War in the East, by Max Müller, 1855
^ Helimski, E (2004). "Die Sprache(n) der Awaren: Die mandschu-tungusische Alternative". Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Vol. II: 59–72.
^ 2010人口普查|1=《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下）》，国务院人口普查办公室编，中国统计出版社，2012年1月，.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ISBN 978-7-5037-6507-0
^ 2010人口普查|1=《中国2010年人口普查资料（上中下）》，国务院人口普查办公室编，中国统计出版社，2012年1月，
ISBN 978-7-5037-6507-0
^ 中华民国满族协会|1=翁福祥. "台灣滿族的由來暨現況". 中华民国满族协会. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
^ 中国人民大学 (1997). "民族研究" (1–12): 21.
^ "Census: Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry Code: 2000" (PDF). 美国人口普查局. 2000. Retrieved 2017-12-04.
^ "中国2010年人口普查资料". 国家统计局.
^ "中国2010年人口普查资料". 国家统计局.
^ ab Ethnic groups in Russia, 2010 census, Rosstat. Retrieved 15 February 2012 (in Russian)
^ "Evenk Archives - Intercontinental Cry". Intercontinental Cry. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
^ "2015 POPULATION AND HOUSING BY-CENSUS OF MONGOLIA: NATIONAL REPORT". National Statistics Office of Mongolia. 20 February 2017.
^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ Russia Population Census
^ Sixth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China [3] (2010)
^ 『言語学大辞典 第2巻 世界言語編（中）さ-に』 亀井孝、河野六郎、千野栄一、三根谷徹、北村甫、南不二男、風間喜代三、西田龍雄、上村幸雄、松本克己、土田滋、上野善道 編（1988）三省堂
^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 17 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian)
^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
^ "ВПН-2010". Perepis-2010.ru. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian)
^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian)
^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian)
^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
External links
- Manchu Tungusic people of China
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