鬬伯比

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鬬伯比 |
姓 |
芈
|
氏 |
鬬氏
|
名 |
伯比 |
字 |
子良 |
时代 |
春秋 |
国家 |
楚國
|
身份 |
楚國令尹
|
父 |
楚若敖
|
子女 |
鬬穀於菟
|
鬬伯比,芈姓,鬬氏,名伯比,楚若敖次子,春秋時代楚國令尹,鬬氏始祖。
楚若敖熊仪娶鄖國妻子,生楚霄敖熊坎、鬬伯比、鬬廉以及成氏之祖。熊通即位後時,開始設置令尹,由鬬伯比出任,在國內為領政、國外則統軍。
熊通強暴好戰,有僭號稱王的志向,及周桓王被鄭國打敗,熊通更沒有忌憚,決定僭號稱王的計謀。令尹鬬伯比進言說楚去王號已久,今如欲復其王號,必須先以武力制服諸侯。熊通便向鬬伯比問計。鬬伯比認為隨國為漢東諸國中最強大,若熊通以兵攻打隨國,而另一方面派遣使節求隨國會盟。若隨國臣服楚國,則漢淮地方諸國,全都會繼而臣服。熊通聽從鬬伯比之計,乃親率大軍,屯兵於瑕。派遣大夫薳章,求隨國會盟。隨國暫且應允結盟,但因佞臣少師中鬬伯比驕兵之計,而使隨侯輕視楚國。
周桓王十六年,楚武王三十七年(前704年)夏天邀請諸侯到沈鹿(湖北鍾祥縣東)會盟,與會者有巴、庸、濮、鄧、絞、羅、軫、申、貳、鄖、江諸國,只有黃,隨二國國君未到。武王派大夫蒍章去責備黃國,大夫屈瑕去攻伐隨國,隨國大敗,隨侯逃逸,戎右少師為鬬丹俘獲。熊通要求隨侯為楚國上言要求進爵,周桓王拒絕熊通,熊通自立為「武王」,與隨人結盟而去。漢東諸國,各遣使稱賀。自此,楚君皆稱「王」,開諸侯僭號稱王之先河,方時周室衰微,故無可奈何。
楚武王四十二年(前699年)的春季,武王使莫敖屈瑕為元帥伐羅國,鬬伯比送別大軍後對其車御說:「莫敖必敗。舉趾高,心不固矣。」 鬬伯比預言莫敖此行定必失敗,見到楚王便提議多派軍隊,楚王入告夫人鄧曼, 鄧曼說:「鬬伯比關心的不在兵力的多少,而是說君王要誠信鎮撫百姓,以德義訓誡官員,而要用刑法來威嚇莫敖。莫敖經蒲騷之役的勝利,將自以為是,輕視羅國。君王若不加適當控制,豈不是等於不加防範嗎?」楚王派賴國人追趕,卻沒有追上。臨陣的時候,軍隊凌亂地渡過鄢水攻入羅國,雖有鬬廉告戒,但屈瑕敖輕敵 不設防備,更傳令軍中會刑罰進諫之人。羅與盧戎兩軍合擊楚師,楚軍大敗,屈瑕率餘部撤至荒谷自縊身死,其他將領也囚在冶父等候處罰,武王認為自己輕敵之過,赦免其他人的罪。
鬬伯比有一子鬬穀於菟(鬬子文)。鬬伯比父親死後,鬬伯比和其母歸於鄖國。後來鬬伯比和鄖子的女兒私通,生了一個孩子,於是鄖夫人派人把這個孩子遺棄在雲夢澤。但出乎意料,一隻母老虎收養了這個孩子,給他餵奶。某日,鄖子去打獵,看到這種景象,深感恐懼,趕緊回宮,鄖夫人便把事情始末告訴鄖子。鄖子最終決定讓他女兒嫁給鬬伯比,去雲夢澤把孩子接回來。因為母老虎給這個孩子餵奶,所以給他起了穀於菟這個名字(楚語之穀為「乳」,於菟為「老虎」之意)。楚武王幼子令尹子元(王子善)被誅殺後,楚成王封鬬穀於菟(鬬子文)繼為令尹。
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