硬顎近音




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濁硬顎近音
Palatal approximant
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j

ʝ̞

ʝ˕

国际音标编号

153
编码
HTML码 十进制

j
Unicode 十六进制

U+006A
X-SAMPA音标
j
ASCII音标
j
声音



硬顎近音(voiced palatal approximant),又叫硬顎無擦通音,是輔音的一種,用於一些口語中。硬顎無擦通音在國際音標的符號是j,X-SAMPA音標的符號則是j




目录






  • 1 特徵


  • 2 該音見於漢語


  • 3 該音見於其他語言


    • 3.1 英語


    • 3.2 德語


    • 3.3 芬蘭語


    • 3.4 瑞典語


    • 3.5 世界語




  • 4 參考文獻


  • 5 參見





特徵


硬顎無擦通音的特徵:



  • 發音方法是無擦通音/近音,即是將舌頭放近另一個發音部位,但不收窄聲腔,故此不會做成湍流。


  • 發音部位是硬顎,即其以將舌頭中間或背部升至硬顎來發音。

  • 發聲類型是濁音,意味着發音時聲帶顫動。

  • 本輔音是口腔輔音(口音),表示發音時空氣從只從口裡流出。

  • 本輔音為中央輔音,發音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面,而不從兩側流過。


  • 氣流特點是經由肺與橫膈膜流出,而非從口腔或喉門流出。




該音見於漢語


普通話中有此音,是開首為[i]的複韻母中[i]的一個弱化讀法,如(yǒu),原來讀[ʔiɤʊ214],因[i]弱化可能成為[jɤʊ214]


吳語有此音,如蘇州話「移」字的聲母為[j]


粵語中有此音,出現在字首和字尾,如醫[jiː55],李[lej35]



該音見於其他語言



英語


英語中此音以字母y表示,如yes。留意y有時會表示元音而非此音,如happymayday



德語


德語和絕大部分中歐和東歐的語言一樣,以字母j表示此音,如jung(年輕的)。



芬蘭語


芬蘭語中亦會以j表示此音,但在一些口音中字母j亦會用在表示硬顎化的輔音。



瑞典語


日耳曼語族中的語言中均以 j 表示此音,且 j 並不用作標示其他音。瑞典語卻例外,如果 j 和 t 一同出現,成 tj 的話,會讀成 [t̠ɕ]、[ɕ] 或 [ç](視乎口音而定)。



世界語


世界語中此音只會用j表示,j不用作標示其化音(因為世界語是人工語言),如jes(是)。



參考文獻


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  • Augustaitis, Daine, Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner, 1964 


  • Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann, Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, 1987, ISBN 978-8470394836 


  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 


  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981], ISBN 9004103406 


  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009 


  • Hall, Christopher, Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English 2nd, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003 [First published 1992], ISBN 0-7190-6689-1 


  • Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 


  • Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 


  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6 


  • Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5 


  • Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch 6th, Mannheim: Dudenverlag, 2005 [First published 1962], ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7 


  • Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio, Problems in the Classification of Approximants, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 201–210, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001732 


  • Mathiassen, Terje, A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., 1996, ISBN 978-0893572679 


  • Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 


  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia, Standard Austrian German, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (03): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055 


  • Mott, Brian, Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 103–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002842 


  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (爱尔兰语) 


  • Pavlík, Radoslav, Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 2004, 55: 87–109 


  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 


  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 


  • Silverman, Daniel; Blankenship, Barbara; Kirk, Paul; Ladefoged, Peter, Phonetic Structures in Jalapa Mazatec, Anthropological Linguistics (The Trustees of Indiana University), 1995, 37 (1): 70–88, JSTOR 30028043 


  • Smyth, Herbert Weir, A Greek Grammar for Colleges, Calvin College Library, 1920 


  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'Adeddin, M. Akram, Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 


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參見





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