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National Maritime Museum

National Maritime Museum
Location within Greater London
Established	1937; 81 years ago (1937)
Location	Greenwich London, SE10 United Kingdom
Coordinates	51°28′52″N 0°00′20″W / 51.481111°N 0.005556°W / 51.481111; -0.005556Coordinates: 51°28′52″N 0°00′20″W / 51.481111°N 0.005556°W / 51.481111; -0.005556
Collection size	2 million+ objects
Visitors	2,367,904 (2009)[1] Ranked 12th nationally
Director	Kevin Fewster, AM, FRSA
Public transit access	Cutty Sark Greenwich
Website	rmg.co.uk
Area	200 acres (0.81 km2)

The National Maritime Museum (NMM) in Greenwich, London, is a maritime museum in London. The historic buildings form part of the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site, and it also incorporates the Royal Observatory and 17th-century Queen's House. In 2012, Her Majesty the Queen formally approved Royal Museums Greenwich as the new overall title for the National Maritime Museum, Queen’s House, the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and the Cutty Sark. The museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Like other publicly funded national museums in the United Kingdom, the National Maritime Museum does not levy an admission charge, although most temporary exhibitions do incur admission charges.

Creation and official opening

The museum was created by the National Maritime Act of 1934 Chapter 43,^[2] under a Board of Trustees, appointed by H.M. Treasury. It is based on the generous donations of Sir James Caird (1864–1954). King George VI formally opened the museum on 27 April 1937 when his daughter Elizabeth accompanied him for the journey along the Thames from London. The first Director was Sir Geoffrey Callender.^[3]

Collection

Portrait of Captain James Cook by Nathaniel Dance at the National Maritime Museum

Since earliest times Greenwich has had associations with the sea and navigation. It was a landing place for the Romans;^[4]Henry VIII lived here;^[5] the navy has roots on the waterfront;^[6] and Charles II founded the Royal Observatory in 1675 for "finding the longitude of places".^[7] The home of Greenwich Mean Time and the Prime Meridian since 1884, Greenwich has long been a centre for astronomical study, while navigators across the world have set their clocks according to its time of day. The Mmseum has the most important holdings in the world on the history of Britain at sea comprising more than two million items, including maritime art (both British and 17th-century Dutch), cartography, manuscripts including official public records, ship models and plans, scientific and navigational instruments, instruments for time-keeping and astronomy (based at the Observatory). Its holdings including paintings relating to Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson and Captain James Cook.^[8]

The Bretagne, painting by Jules Achille Noël, 1859, at the National Maritime Museum

Admiral George Keith Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith by George Sanders

An active loans programme ensures that items from the collection are seen in the UK and abroad.^[9]

The museum aims to achieve a greater understanding of British economic, cultural, social, political and maritime history and its consequences in the world today. The museum plays host to various exhibitions, including Ships Clocks & Stars in 2014, Samuel Pepys: Plague, Fire, Revolution in 2015 and Emma Hamilton: Seduction and Celebrity in 2016.^[10][11][12]

The collection of the National Maritime Museum also includes items taken from the German Naval Academy Mürwik after World War II, including several ship models, paintings and flags. The museum has been criticized for possessing what has been described as "looted art".^{[13][14][15][16][17]} The museum regards these cultural objects as "war trophies", removed under the provisions of the Potsdam Conference.^[18]

The museum awards the Caird Medal annually in honour of its major donor, Sir James Caird.^[19]

In late August 2018, several groups were vying for the right to purchase the 5,500 RMS Titanic relics that were an asset of the bankrupt Premier Exhibitions.^[20] Eventually, the National Maritime Museum, Titanic Belfast and Titanic Foundation Limited, as well as the National Museums Northern Ireland, joined together as a consortium that was raising money to purchase the 5,500 artifacts. The group intended to keep all of the items together as a single exhibit. Oceanographer Robert Ballard said he favored this bid since it would ensure that the memorabilia would be permanently displayed in Belfast (where the Titanic was built) and in Greenwich.^[20] The museums were critical of the bid process set by the Bankruptcy Court in Jacksonville, Florida. The minimum bid for the 11 October 2018 auction was set at US$21.5 million (£16.5m) and the consortium did not have enough funding to meet that amount.^[21][22]

The site

The museum lit at night

The museum was officially established in 1934 within the 200 acres (0.81 km²) of Greenwich Royal Park in the buildings formerly occupied by the Royal Hospital School, before it moved to Holbrook in Suffolk. It includes the Queen's House, an early classical building designed by Inigo Jones, which is the keystone of the historic "park and palace" landscape of maritime Greenwich.^[23] It also includes the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, which was an active scientific institution until the 1950s, when it was removed to Herstmonceux Castle.^[24]

Entry portico of the museum

The gardens immediately to the north of the museum were reinstated in the late 1870s following construction of the cut-and-cover tunnel between Greenwich and Maze Hill stations. The tunnel comprised part of the final section of the London and Greenwich Railway and opened in 1878.^[25]

Flamsteed House (1675–76), the original part of the Royal Observatory, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke and was the first purpose-built scientific institution in Britain.^[26]

All the museum buildings have been subsequently upgraded. A full redevelopment of the main galleries, centring on what is now the Neptune Court, which was designed by Rick Mather Architects and funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, was completed in 1999.^[27]

In May 2007 a major capital project, "Time and Space", opened up the entire Royal Observatory site for the benefit of visitors. The £16 million transformation features three new modern astronomy galleries, four new time galleries, facilities for collections conservation and research, a learning centre and the 120-seat Peter Harrison Planetarium (named after the major donor, Peter Harrison) designed to introduce the world beyond the night sky.^[28]

In 2008, the museum announced that Israeli shipping magnate Sammy Ofer had donated £20m for a new gallery.^[29]

Directors of the National Maritime Museum

A Type 23 frigate propeller at the National Maritime Museum

• 1937 to 1946 – Geoffrey Callender
  


• 1947 to 1966 – Frank George Griffith Carr^[30]
  


• 1967 to 1983 – Basil Jack Greenhill
  


• 1983 to 1986 – Neil Cossons
  


• 1986 to 2000 – Richard Louis Ormond CBE (born 1939)^[31]
  


• 2000 to 2007 – Rear Admiral Roy Clare (born 1950) ^[32]
  


• 2007 to present – Dr Kevin Fewster^[33]
  

Caird Medal

The Caird Medal was instituted in 1984 to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the National Maritime Museum Act of 1934 that established the museum. The medal is awarded annually to "an individual who, in the opinion of the Trustees of the National Maritime Museum, has done conspicuously important work in the field of the Museum's interests and is of a nature which involves communicating with the public." The medal is named for Sir James Caird (1864–1954), the principal donor at the founding of the National Maritime Museum.^[19]

The Caird Medalists

Museum interior

• 1984 Eric McKee^[34]
  


• 1985 Michael S. Robinson^[35]
  


• 1987 Jules van Beylen^[34]
  


• 1989 C. R. Boxer
  


• 1990 Helen Wallis
  


• 1991 John F. Coates and John Sinclair Morrison
  


• 1992 Richard Ollard^[36]
  


• 1993 Gerard L. E. Turner^[37]
  


• 1994 Glyndwr Williams
  


• 1995 Margaret Rule
  


• 1996 John de Courcy Ireland
  


• 1997 Felipe Fernández-Armesto
  


• 1998 Elly Dekker
  


• 1999 Elisabeth Mann-Borgese^[38]
  


• 2000 John Hattendorf^[39]
  


• 2002 Robert Ballard
  


• 2004 Sir David Attenborough^[40]
  


• 2005 Paul Kennedy^[41]
  


• 2006 David Armitage^[42]
  


• 2007 Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow
  


• 2010 Willem F. J. Mörzer Bruyns
  


• 2011 Daniel A. Baugh
  


• 2014 R.J.B. Knight^[43]
  

Other British maritime museums

NMM Cornwall, Falmouth

The National Maritime Museum Cornwall is a fully independent museum, a development of the original FIMI (Falmouth International Maritime Initiative) partnership created in 1992 and the result of collaboration between the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich and the former Cornwall Maritime Museum in Falmouth.^[44]

See also

• Greenwich Visitor Centre


• List of London museums


• 
  National Maritime Museums (list of similarly named museums)


• 
  National Waterways Museum—the UK's national museum of inland waterway transport


• 
  Nederlands Scheepvaart Museum (Netherlands Maritime Museum)


• National Historic Fleet


• Britain and the Sea

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Maritime Museum, London.

• Official website of the National Maritime Museum


• 
  The official prints website of the National Maritime Museum containing a selection of the museum's finest images


• 
  National Maritime Museum Photostream (many photos labeled "no known copyright restriction") at Flickr.com